Are monuments of Rome ... With its rich cultural heritage and centuries-old history, this city enjoys undeniable popularity. The monumentality of architecture, its unique features, history of creation and age - all this simply cannot fail to attract and not arouse admiration. Hundreds of thousands of people in different periods of time invested their efforts and applied their own professional skills so that even today ancient Rome could delight us with its splendor, without sinking into oblivion on the pages of history textbooks.
What is this unknown world like? The monuments of Rome provide an opportunity to make a real journey through time. They open for us amazing historical events of the past, make it possible to learn about the merits of the greatest rulers. The life of the common population of Rome does not stand aside, which is also an integral part of its former identity. We invite you to find out with us what they are, the monuments of Rome, what their history and features. But, before moving on to a direct review of them, let's pay a little attention to the history of development.
The history of the development of the architecture of Ancient Rome
It is rather strange to realize that the building materials we are used to, such as cement, tuff and brick, were previously used to create the masterpieces of the architecture of Ancient Rome. Colonnades, temples, triumphal arches, palaces - these materials were successfully used for all this. And if not for the destruction, which, oddly enough, also arose under the influence of the people themselves, the buildings of antiquity, we could contemplate today in a much larger number of them. The most surprising thing would be the fact that these monuments of Rome could preserve their own primordiality, if they could be preserved. The fact is that for most of these architectural monuments, the strongest Roman cement was used. Its composition included a mixture of lime combined with the products of volcanic eruptions, which made it possible to achieve an excellent fortress of the structures.
The components are elements of two main cultures - Greek and Etruscan. The very history of the development of the architecture of Rome is divided into several main stages. For example, the first stage includes the most ancient monuments of Rome and refers to the period from the founding of the Eternal City to the II century. BC. This kind of structures is characterized by a pronounced influence of the Etruscan culture. The main monuments of this period include the famous Appian Way, the Mamertine prison, the Cloaca of Maximus, some catacombs, pagan temples, etc. As for the buildings erected in the future, the influence of Greek architecture is already clearly indicated in them. In this case, such architectural monuments as the temples of Hercules and Portun, which have survived to this day and are located at the Bull Forum, are examples.
Rome Monuments: Castle and Pont de Sant'Angelo
The main and most important stage in the development of ancient Roman architecture fell on the period of the dawn of the Empire. It is with him that the creation of the most famous monuments in Rome is associated. Iconic and majestic, the main attraction for Rome, the Colosseum, belongs to this period, and even now its size is amazing. Hadrian's Mausoleum is one of the equally impressive monuments of that time. It is better known under a different name -. Add here the Pantheon, as the brightest implementation of engineering thought, as well as thermal complexes - and you can get a complete picture of the scale and grandeur of the architectural monuments of ancient Rome.
Architectural Monuments of Ancient Rome
The Romans in the past did not have their own highly artistic taste, so they simply borrowed ideas from the Greeks. But if it was about engineering abilities, then here the Romans should be given their due - they had no equal in this. Most of the designs of architects at that time included the presence of an arch. Although this element itself is simple, it was with its help that it was possible to construct truly colossal structures.
Roman theater
In the past, when the same Greeks, creating a stepped amphitheater, resorted to cutting rocks in the hillsides, the Romans were already in full swing creating full-fledged arched structures. Brick was used for their construction, which endowed them with excellent strength, capable of withstanding the load in the form of bulky stone elements. Arches, as a structural element, acted as a base for a variety of buildings in Rome, including theaters.
The majestic structures were faced, and travertine was used for their decoration. Erected on a flat surface, the theater in those days in the city became its most important decoration.
The most famous monument of Rome, and, concurrently, the most magnificent example of architecture of ancient times is the Colosseum, or the Flavian Amphitheater. - the next, no less interesting monument of bygone architectural research, it can be seen not far from Piazza Venezia.
Aqueducts
It is simply impossible to consider the monuments of Rome, excluding aqueducts from them. The water supply system, which is not only a component of the architectural heritage of the Eternal City, but also a vital element for its development. Massive water conduits, the basis of which, again, is an arch, still function today, representing one of the oldest monuments in Rome. The first aqueduct in Rome appeared in the 4th century. BC, the last - in 226, under Alexander Severus. Researchers have calculated that by the end of the 1st century. the volume of drinking water supplied to Rome every day could be a million cubic meters. In other words, there were about 1000 liters of water for each inhabitant, which, you see, is impressive.
Permanent residential areas, which first began to appear in Rome, were concentrated along the Tiber River, near the island of Tiberina. Even today, you can see the most ancient bridges - unique monuments of Rome.
For example, the Ponte Fabricio bridge, erected in 62 AD, connects the left bank of the Tiber River and the island. Another bridge, which appeared a year later, provided a connection between the island and the right bank of the Tiber, and this is the Ponte Cescio bridge. Near these two bridges you can find ruins, formerly it was the Ponte Emilio bridge. Now the remains of the former structure have a different name, "Ponte Rotto", which reflects its true state and is translated as "destroyed bridge".
Eliev Bridge also belongs to the heritage of the architecture of Ancient Rome, it is known to the general public as the Sant'Angelo Bridge. This architectural monument is located opposite the castle of the same name. This crossing over the Tiber River was built during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. Later, she went through a major reconstruction, which happened already during the Renaissance.
Another bridge from the ancient era in Rome is the Ponte Milvio. This architectural monument has also survived to this day. Initially, the bridge was located outside the city. In its direction were three main highways, these are the streets of Clodia, Cassia and Flaminia, they connected the northern cities with the center of the empire.
Order link Dinner cruise through the canals of Rome and enjoy viewing the bridges in a pleasant atmosphere.
Few of the rulers of the Roman Empire deprived themselves of the pleasure of perpetuating their own merits in the struggle for its power and expansion. As a result - the appearance of associated monuments in the form of triumphal arches. Monuments of this kind in Rome in honor of the emperor glorified him, while at the same time perpetuating the memory of conquests and victories. This is a kind of symbol of political domination and military power.
Triumphal arches were installed throughout the entire Empire, being at the same time a kind of demonstration of the combination of the artistic tastes of the inhabitants of Rome and engineering and technical progress. This trend has spread from Germany and Spain to Asia Minor and North America. As for Rome itself, here today you can see several variations of monuments of glory at the same time, which, by the way, have been preserved in their perfect condition. In particular, these are the following monuments of Rome:
- Triumphal Arch of Titus;
- Triumphal Arch of Constantine;
- Triumphal Arch of the North.
Also in the Eternal City on the territory there are pedestals from the triumphal arches erected under the rulers of Augustus and Trajan.
Thermal complexes
Public baths had their undoubtedly important role in the everyday life of the inhabitants of Rome. Thermal complexes in ancient times were built everywhere, even in small towns. By the 1st century. BC. the number of public baths was already 170. Terminal complexes, without exaggeration, could be called huge. Most of their visits were free of charge. In addition, the influential families of Rome built bath complexes directly on their lands.
In essence, the baths acted not only as an integral part of the city's infrastructure. It was also a full-fledged social institution. It is not surprising, because their visitors, gathering here, had a rest, had fun and just talked, while discussing the latest city events and news.
One week is clearly not enough to fully enjoy the experience of the sights of Rome. If you are in Rome for a few days, do not despair and give up your La dolce vita.
In the review, we will tell you about both world famous sights and those that are not indicated in guidebooks, but the study of the history of Rome without visiting them will not be complete.
All you have to do is choose places in the city, create a route to your taste. For example, first visit the historical sites (Colosseum, Roman Forum), the top of St. Peter's Basilica. Then walk to the Protestant cemetery, the architectural quarter of Quartiere Coppedè, to test yourself in the Ustye Pravda. And after the end of the trip, throw a coin into the fountain of di Trevi to return to Rome someday.
Near the descriptions of some attractions there are links to purchase tickets through the official service in Russian.
Brief information about Rome:
| One of the oldest cities in the world, founded, according to one of the historical versions, on April 21, 753 BC. Was the capital of the Roman Empire. The city has two more names: The urban area is only a Thursday of the territory of Rome within the city limits. Whereas in most European cities, buildings occupy most of the territory. |
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So, stock up on a cup of coffee and time. in our review of more than 70 sights of Rome.
Transfer from airport Rome with a Russian-speaking driver.
Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi)
One of the most visited tourist attractions. Not only because of its historical significance, but also because of its location.
Located on the square of the same name, the Trevi Fountain is surrounded by numerous restaurants, shops and nightlife.
Built in the mid-1700s, di Trevi is an example of the Baroque style with a mythological bias - the god of the sea Neptune emerges from the water, surrounded by faithful Tritons.
Not so long ago, a major restoration of the landmark was carried out. Rome spent 2,000,000 euros on it. In 2015, the fountain was reopened to the public.
Why throw coins into the fountain?
According to Roman legend, throwing one or more coins with your right hand over your left shoulder, you can get:
- Return to Rome again.
- You will fall in love with an attractive Roman or a local beauty.
- You will marry this Roman or this beauty.
Address: Piazza di Trevi.
Nearest metro: Barberini.
Basilica (Cathedral) of St. Peter (Basilica di San Pietro)
The Basilica is located in the Vatican in St. Peter's Square. The attraction is open daily for visiting and is free for visitors.
We recommend going up to the roof - you will be amazed by the opened landscapes of Rome. If for some reason you cannot climb 323 steps, the lift will take you upstairs for an additional fee.
Note!
The cathedral is a working church, so consider the dress code when visiting:
- No short skirts.
- No hats.
- The shoulders should be covered.
Please respect these rules.
Because St. Peter's Basilica is one of the city's main attractions - often there is a long queue to enter it.
During the tour, you will visit the naves, chapels, see works of art by Michelangelo, Bernini, Raphael.
Video about the Cathedral:
Address: Piazza San Pietro.
Castellum Sancti Angeli has changed many destinations before becoming a museum that we can visit today. It was originally built as the tomb of Emperor Hadrian and his family in 123 AD.
In 403 it was rebuilt into a fortified military post. At the beginning of the 11th century, the castle housed a prison. In the 14th century, Castellum Sancti Angeli, after changing several owners, acquired church status. In the 19th century, the building again became a prison and, only in 1906, it was converted into a museum.
Open from 9.00 to 19.30.
Day off: Monday, January 1, December 25, May 1.
The exterior and interiors of the castle make an indelible impression on tourists.
We recommend this attraction in Rome to visit.
Address: Lungotevere Castello, 50.
Roman Forum (Foro Romano)
Located near the Colosseum, the Roman Forum is less popular with tourists, but no less interesting.
This landmark shows the structure of Ancient Rome with its shrines, government houses and monuments. Most of the complex is ruins, but even looking at them one can imagine the former greatness of the Arch of Septimius Severus, the Temple of Saturn, the Arch of Titus and the House of the Vestal Virgins.
Opening hours: from 8.30 am to sunset.
Address: Via in Miranda.
National Museum of Rome
What is the value of the National Museum of Rome for the visitor? It houses one of the largest archaeological collections in the world.
It is clear that such a volume of exhibits would not fit in one building. To see this attraction you need to visit 4 buildings: Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Palazzo Altemps, Baths of Diocletian and Crypt Balba.
Palazzo Altemps
As one of the centers of the museum, the Altemps Palace has been in existence since 1997. It is one of the most striking examples of Renaissance architecture.
Palazzo Massimo
The palace houses one of the world's greatest collections of antique art. Exhibited are paintings, mosaics, sculptures from the Roman period.
Crypt Balba
The crypt gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe development of Roman society and cityscapes from ancient times to the present day.
Baths of Diocletian
An extensive bath complex.
The ticket gives the opportunity to visit all the buildings of the museum.
Working hours: 9.00 to 19.45. Closed Monday.
Pantheon
The Pantheon is open to the public daily. Opening hours are reduced on Sunday.
Built in 120 AD, it amazes with its ideal proportions. If you are into architecture, you will surely find new ideas for your creativity after inspection.
The pantheon contains the burials of the kings Victor Emmanuel II and Umberto I. This attraction is indicated in many guidebooks as a must see.
By the way, there are several cozy cafes on Piazza Della Rotonda where you can relax with a cup of coffee, pizza or ice cream.
Address: Piazza della Rotonda.
Metro station: Barberini.
Colosseum (Colosseo)
Built on a swampy site, the Colosseum was completed in 80 AD. The stands could accommodate up to 50,000 spectators. An engineering marvel.
Today this complex is one of the most visited of all Roman landmarks.
There are long queues at the entrance, almost at any time. It is recommended to buy tickets online - they give the right to skip the line.
The Colosseum can be visited during the day and at night (with a special ticket). Open from morning until sunset.
Address: Piazza del Colosseo.
Metro station: Colosseo.
Baths of Caracalla
How did the ancient Romans visit public baths? You have a great opportunity to see it with your own eyes. The Baths are one of the largest and best preserved examples of everyday life in ancient Rome.
Built by the emperor Caracalla in the shape of a rectangle. The SPA was not only a place for water procedures, residents gathered here for sports, recreation, and study.
The different parts of the spa are in the following order: "Calidarium", "Tepidarium", "Frigidarium" and "Natatio". There are other zones and areas to be found around the two gymnasiums.
By purchasing your tickets to Thermes online, you gain access to the Tomb of Cecilia Metellus and Villa Quintili.
The tomb was built during the reign of Emperor Augustus in honor of the daughter of the Roman consul. Made in the form of a circular mausoleum.
In ancient times, Villa Quintili was the most luxurious and largest. In 151 AD, after the villa became imperial property, the territory was expanded, buildings were enlarged. The villa offers a magnificent view of the countryside.
Opening hours: from 9.00 to sunset (entrance closes one hour in advance).
On some dates, access to three attractions ends earlier.
The address:
Baths of Caracalla: Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 52
Tomb of Cecilia Metella: Via Appia Antica, 161
Quintili in Villa: Via Appia Nuova, 1092
Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel
Within the walls of this landmark is one of the most famous landmarks of the Vatican - the Sistine Chapel (and the famous frescoes by Michelangelo). A guided tour of the Vatican Museums gives you access to various sections of the palaces, including the Sistine Chapel.
But don't overlook the treasures housed in the museums themselves, including the spiral staircase and Raphael's rooms. The Vatican Museums are so huge that a guided tour is highly recommended. If the cost of the guide's services seems high to you, take a ticket with an audio guide - it is much cheaper.
Most visitors to museums are on Saturday, Monday, the last Sunday of the month, on holidays and rainy days.
Pay attention to the rules of dress and behavior when visiting:
- No short skirts.
- Shorts are prohibited.
- Bare-shouldered clothing is prohibited.
- It is forbidden to talk and take pictures in the Sistine Chapel.
Video about the Sistine Chapel:
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Skip-the-line tickets for the Vatican Museums and the Sistine Chapel: Access to the museum with the first group + audio guide in Russian (map and dvd as a gift). VIP Morning Ticket with audio guide. Inspection of the museum after sunset (on Fridays). Standard ticket for the Vatican Museums Standard ticket with audio guide in Russian language. |
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Allocate half a day to explore this attraction.
Address: Viale Vaticano, 97.
Church of San Luigi dei Francesi
If you are a Caravaggio fan, be sure to include the visit to this attraction on your itinerary in Rome.
The church contains three canvases by this artist in the Baroque style, including The Calling of St. Matthew, The Martyrdom of Matthew.
The entrance to the church is free. But it closes for lunch from 12.30 to 15.00.
On Thursday, visiting hours are only until lunchtime.
You can find it in the area of \u200b\u200bRome - Navona. Nearest metro station: Barberini.
Address: Via Santa Giovanna d'Arco 5.
Vatican Gardens by Bus + Museum and Sistine Chapel
A unique opportunity to enjoy the beauty of the famous Vatican Gardens. For a long time they were closed to the public. According to tourists, the gardens bring peace, tranquility and enjoyment of nature to a person.
You will find yourself surrounded by the beauty of nature and the works of many talented artists, inspired by their faith, love and care for the space around them. You can practically taste the sweet scent of flowers and Mediterranean plants that grow here alongside exotic spices. Be captivated by the beautiful green lawns, trees, small forest and cliff replica in the heart of Rome.
The audio guide is available in several languages, including Russian.
Duration:
approximately 40 minutes + 1 hour 30 minutes to visit the Vatican Museum and Sistine Chapel
Departure:
From 01.01. to 02.04 and from 31.10 to 31.12
Monday-Saturday (except religious holidays) at 10:30
03.04 to 28.10
Monday - Saturday (except religious holidays) at 11:15 am and 12:15 pm
Departure point:
ORP. PIAZZA PIO XII, N ° 9
Note:
Entrance to the Vatican Museum and Sistine Chapel included in the price
Personal documents are required
This attraction is currently not accessible for people and in wheelchairs or for children under 6 years old.
Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria
After the mention of this church by Dan Brown in his "Angels and Demons", fans of the writer's work were added to ordinary tourists.
But true lovers of Baroque art go to the church to admire the chapel of Cornaro Gianlorenzo Bernini, which houses the "Ecstasy of St. Teresa" statue.
According to tourists who visited it, the church and the statue leave a stunning impression.
The church is located about a kilometer west of the Barberini station.
Open daily with lunch break.
Allow about 1 hour for the inspection.
Address: Via XX Settembre 17.
Trastevere area
If you are tired of the crowds of tourists and want to see the real Rome, head to the Trastevere area, which is the home of St. Mary.
The area is located south of the Vatican and is rarely visited by the average tourist. A leisurely stroll through Trastevere will help you to more fully experience the authenticity of the Italian capital.
There are many cafes and restaurants in the area that are not tourist-oriented, as a result, the food in them is of higher quality, and the prices are lower.
Address: Trastevere.
Basilica of Saint Clement (Basilica di San Clemente)
The Basilica of Saint Clement is ideal for archeology enthusiasts - a pagan temple from the second century is located under a church from the fourth century, which in turn is located under a church from the 12th century.
The entrance is from the street at the level of the 12th century building, down the stairs to the 4th century level, and at the end you will find the sanctuary of Mithras, the god who was popular in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.
Based on the rave reviews online, the basilica is a unique attraction that will provide you with useful knowledge about the history of Rome.
Attention!
Around the church, you can meet beggars and beggars. Some of them introduce themselves as volunteers of the Church of St. Clement and require an entrance fee in the form of donations.
The entrance to the church is free! You only need to pay to visit the lower levels of the basilica.
Open daily with a lunch break.
Address: Via Labicana 95.
Metro station: Colosseo.
Piazza Navona
One of the most famous squares in Rome, built at the end of the 15th century. Today it is the tourist center of the city. In addition to the many cafes and restaurants located on it, you can see both the work of modern street artists and famous historical monuments.
Piazza Navona is located a kilometer west of Barberini metro station.
Gianicolo Hill (Passeggiata del Gianicolo)
To the west of the Tiber River (next to another attraction - the Trastevere area) is this hill.
Its summits offer an amazing view of the Eternal Rome. The landscaped area is conducive to walks and quiet pastime.
According to travelers, the best time to visit Gianicolo Hill is at sunrise or at sunset.
You can walk up the hill along Via Trastevere through Garibaldi.
Address: Piazzale Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Campo de 'Fiori
One of the unusual sights. Campo dei Fiori must be visited twice. During the day, as in the 1800s, there is a trade in fish and vegetables. The buildings around the square have not changed and today they are just as striking in their disorder. The houses are mixed with hotels, cafes, shopping stalls, merchants' houses.
As the sun sets on the market square, Rome's nightlife begins to boil in bars.
Giordano Bruno was burnt on the square - a monument was erected on this place. In ancient times, public executions took place on Campo dei Fiori.
Address: Piazza Campo de 'Fiori.
Swap meet
Porta Portese comes alive on Sunday at 6 am and closes at 2 pm. For fashionistas and antiques lovers, this attraction in Rome is a must-see.
The market sells everything from books to candlesticks, but the bulk of the merchandise is clothing, both new and used.
The flea market is not often mentioned in travel guides. If you want to bring a cute, original souvenir from Rome, take some time to this piece of the city's modern history.
Ruins of Ancient Rome.
In the 1st millennium BC. e. a state arose around the city of Rome, which began to expand its possessions at the expense of neighboring peoples. This world power existed for about a thousand years and lived off the exploitation of slave labor and conquered countries. All the lands adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea belonged to Rome, both in Europe and in Asia and Africa. Therefore, art, especially architecture, was intended to show the whole world the power of state power. Endless wars, thirst for conquest, in which Rome matured and grew, demanded the exertion of all forces, therefore firm discipline in the army, firm laws in the state and firm power in the family became the basis of Roman society. Above all, the Romans put the ability to rule over the world. Virgil stated:
You, Roman, remember to rule the nations with authority!
Behold - yours will be arts: conditions to impose the world,
Spare the inferior and overthrow the proud!
("Aeneid")
The Romans subjugated the entire Mediterranean, including Hellas, but Greece itself filled Rome, since it had a powerful influence on the entire culture of Rome - in religion and philosophy, in literature and art.
Etruscan she-wolf, who, according to legend, fed Romulus and Remus (Etruscan casting)
Legend has it that the usurper Amulius seized the throne of his brother, the king of Alba Longa, Numitor, the grandfather of the twins Romulus and Remus, and ordered the babies to be thrown into the Tiber. The twins' father Mars saved his sons, and they were fed by a she-wolf sent by God. Then the boys were raised by the shepherd Faustul and his wife Akka Larentia. When the brothers grew up, they killed Amulius, returned power to their grandfather, and founded a city in the place where the she-wolf found them. During the construction of the walls of the new city, a quarrel broke out between the brothers, and Romulus killed Remus. The city was built and named in honor of Romulus by Rome, and Romulus himself became its first king. Part of the culture was borrowed by the Romans from other peoples. The Etruscans do a lot, but the Greeks do the most. The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans gladiator fights, stage games, the nature of sacrifices, belief in good and evil demons. The Romans, like the Etruscans, preferred sculpture from the arts, and not sculpting, but modeling - from clay, wax, bronze.
The building is decorated with half columns
However, the main predecessor of Roman art was still Greece. Even the Romans took many of their beliefs and myths from the Greeks. The Romans learned to build arches, simple vaults and domes from stone.
We learned to build more diverse structures, for example, the round building Pantheon - the temple of all gods, it had a diameter of more than 40 meters. The Pantheon was covered with a giant dome. which has been a model for builders and architects for centuries.
The Romans adopted the skill of building columns from the Greeks. In honor of the generals, the Romans built triumphal arches.
The buildings intended for the entertainment of the Roman nobility were of particular splendor. The largest Roman circus - Colisei, accommodated 50 thousand spectators. It was a mf and teatr - in a similar way, circuses and stadiums are being built now.
Roman baths, which were called terms, were also peculiar places of recreation and entertainment. There were washing rooms, changing rooms, swimming pools, promenade halls, sports fields, and even libraries. The spacious halls were covered with vaults and domes, the walls were faced with marble.
On the edge of the squares, large court and commercial buildings were often erected - the basement. In Rome, palaces of rulers and high-rise buildings for the poor were created. The Romans with average incomes lived in separate houses, which surrounded an open courtyard - and at the m. In the middle of the atrium there was a pool for rainwater. Behind the house was a courtyard with columns, a garden, and a fountain.
Triumphal arch of Emperor Titus
In 81, in honor of the Emperor Titus and his victory over Judea, a single-span, 5.33 m wide, Triumphal Arch was erected on the sacred road leading to the Capitol Hill. The marble arch was 20 meters high. An inscription dedicated to Titus was carved above the span; the arch was also decorated with reliefs depicting the victorious procession of the Romans, performed in complex turns and movements.
Pantheon - inside view
The Pantheon was built during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138). The temple is built of stone, brick and concrete. The round building is 42.7 m high and covered with a dome of 43.2 m in diameter. Outside, the building is quite modest, it is decorated only with a portico with Corinthian columns made of red granite. But the interior was a model of technical excellence and luxury. The floor of the temple is paved with marble slabs. The wall is divided in height into two tiers. In the lower tier there were deep niches, in which there were statues of the gods. The upper part is dissected by pilasters (rectangular projections) of colored marble. The illumination of the temple is decided by a hole in the dome, a "window" 9 m in diameter, the so-called eye of the Pantheon. The floor under this "eye" has a barely noticeable slope for water drainage.
Pantheon outside
The name of the building speaks for itself - "pantheon", a temple to the pantheon of ancient Roman gods. It should be noted that the building that still stands today is not the first temple on this site. Under Emperor Augustus, the first temple was built, but then it burned down in a fire in Ancient Rome. In memory of the first builder, associate of the Imperator Augustus, Mark Agrippa, the inscription “M. Agrippa l f cos tertium fecit ".
Colosseum outside
Under the emperors Vespasian and Titus, in 75-82. was built a huge amphitheater for gladiatorial battles - Colosseum (from the Latin "colossus" - colossal). In plan it was an ellipse, 188 m long, 156 m wide, 50 m high. The wall is divided into three tiers. In the upper one they pulled up an awning from the rain and the sun. In the lower ones there were statues. The arena could accommodate up to 3000 pairs of gladiators. The arena could be flooded with water and then naval battles were played out.
Colosseum inside
Aqueduct
The Roman Aqueduct is an aqueduct, but at the same time functional and elaborate, perfect art. Above there was a canal, separated by a cornice, below - arches, even lower - visually isolated from the arches supports. Long, continuous horizontal lines hid the height and emphasized the infinity of the water pipe going into the distance.
Equestrian statue to Marcus Aureleus in Rome
The sculpture was initially imported from Greece. Then they began to copy it from Greek. However, there was also an independent, Roman sculpture. These were sculptural portraits and relief images, monuments to emperors and generals.
Portrait of a Roman
Portrait of a young man
Relief sculpture
Statue of Emperor Augustus from Prima Port.
Ancient historians call the period of Octavian Augustus's reign the "golden age" of the Roman state. The established "Roman world" stimulated a high rise in art and culture. The emperor is depicted in a calm, stately pose, his hand is raised in an inviting gesture; he seemed to appear in the clothes of a general before his legions. August is depicted bareheaded and barefoot, a tradition in Greek art that depicts gods and heroes naked or half-naked. The face of Augustus wears portrait features, but nevertheless is somewhat idealized. The whole figure embodies the idea of \u200b\u200bthe greatness and power of the empire.
Trajan's Column in Rome
A column built by the architect Apollodorus in honor of Emperor Trajan has survived to this day. The column is over 30 meters high and is made up of 17 Carrara marble drums. A spiral staircase runs inside the column. The column ended with a bronze figure of Trajan, which was replaced in the 16th century with a statue of the Apostle Peter. The column is lined with slabs of Parian marble, along which a bas-relief stretches in a spiral of 200 meters, in historical sequence depicting the main events of Trajan's campaign against the Dacians (101 -107): the construction of a bridge over the Danube, the crossing, the battle with the Dacians, their camp, the siege fortresses, the suicide of the Dacian leader, the procession of prisoners, the triumphal return of Trajan to Rome.
Fragment of Trajan's Column
At the end of the 4th and 5th centuries, there was a "great migration of peoples" - a large tribe of Goths settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, they were warmly supported by the rebellious slaves and the peoples enslaved by Rome. Hordes of nomadic Huns sweep through the empire in a destructive whirlwind. The Visigoths, then the vandals capture and destroy Rome itself. The Roman Empire falls apart. And in 476 Rome was dealt the final blow and power passed to the barbarian squads. The Roman Empire fell, but its culture left an indelible mark on human history.
France, Spain, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, etc. in total more than 70:
Ancient Roman monuments in Arles (France),
Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard (France),
Ancient theater and arc de triomphe in Orange (France).
Archaeological ensemble of Merida (Spain),
Roman aqueduct in Segovia (Segovia),
Historical ensemble of Split with Diocletian's palace (Croatia),
Monuments of Trier (Germany),
Hadrian's Val (UK),
World cultural heritage sites in Italy,
antique
Three territorial groups of objects
1) the city of Rome itself is the brightest and most complete center of the masterpieces of ancient architecture
2) other monuments of antiquity on the territory of modern Italy (South of Italy, Sicily and
3) quite numerous architectural and historical objects that have survived outside its borders, in other European countries that were once part of the Roman Empire.
Ancient monuments of Rome (Roman Forum)
Villa Hadrian in Tivoli, near Rome
Architectural monuments of Ancient Rome
Historic center of Rome
Early constructions
(royal Rome, early republic before the 1st century BC)
Ruins of the fortress wall, built of square blocks of volcanic stone by the king of Rome Servius Tullius (11 km.).
Complex of the Roman Forum (Forum Romanum), the place where the most important events of political and economic life (popular meetings, trials, religious ceremonies). The final appearance was formed by the end of the republican period
The forum included public buildings, temples, arches, colonnades, statues, a sacred road (Via Sacra), shopping arcades.
Temple of Vesta (round)
Ruins of the arcades of Tabularium (archives of the republic).
Rome of the era of the republic (the Julian dynasty - Claudian and Flavian, 1st century BC
aD - I century. AD)
Imperial forums: Forum with the Temple of Venus and the Temple of the God Mars, Forum of Augustus, Forum of Vespasian Flavius.
Marble Triumphal Arch of Titus at the Forum (son of Vespasian) in honor of the successful campaign of the Romans to Jerusalem
The arcades of the aqueduct of Claudius, one of a dozen water conduits that approached the city, "worked by the slaves of Rome."
Flavian amphitheater, or the Colosseum. The construction was started by Emperor Vespasian (75 AD), and finished by Titus (80 AD) Dimensions 180 by 156 m, height 50 m, accommodated 50 thousand spectators. Designed for gladiatorial fights and other mass performances (Mark Twain named him the king of all European ruins).
Rome of the era of the republic (Antonine dynasty (1st - 2nd century AD)
Trajan's Column and part of the basilica in honor of the emperor's victories. Column dimensions - 38 m., The column is entwined (24 turns) with a spiralrelief-frieze 300 m long, immortalizing the conquest of Dacia by Trajan. Scenes from the life of the Dacians, the exploits of the Roman legionaries
and the emperor himself, who appears on the relief more than 80 times.
Pantheon (built by Emperor Hadrian). A round temple with the same (43.5 m) diameter and height. The walls are 6 m thick. A huge dome, which served as a prototype for the domes of St. Peter's in Rome and the churchSanta Maria del Fiore in Florence.
Mausoleum of Hadrian on the right bank of the Tiber for the emperor himself
and members of his family. Initial functions he performed
not for long. In the Middle Ages it served as a refuge for the popes (the Castle of St. Angel - according to the statue of an angel with a sword that adorned it).
The bronze equestrian statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius is the only Roman equestrian statue that survived in the Middle Ages. It is believed that a mistake saved her from destruction by Christians: the statue was mistaken for the image of the Christian emperor Constantine, and not the "pagan" Marcus Aurelius.
The era of the late Roman Empire, dynasty of the Severs III - IV centuries.
Therme ruins and triumphal arches
Baths of Caracalla (area 340 x 330 m. Height 30 m.)
The thermal complex included a large hall with a swimming pool, a luxuriously decorated main hall with cold, warm and hot baths, under the floor of which there was a complex system of water supply, heating and sewerage. There were lounges along the facade of the main building. There were also two palletes, library rooms and halls for music lessons, dressing rooms. Baths of Caracalla could accommodate more than 2000 people at a time.
FEDERAL RAILWAY AGENCY
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF WAYS OF COMMUNICATION"
COURSE WORK
TOPIC: "Famous architectural monuments of Ancient Rome"
Completed by: Nepomniachtchi Valeria Alexandrovna
Checked by: Bavina L.G.
Moscow 2012
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. EARLY OR ROYAL ROME (VIII-VI centuries BC)
1 Characteristics of the architecture of the period VIII-VI centuries. BC
2 Temple of Saturn
3 Roman Forum
CHAPTER 2. THE EPOCH OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (V-I centuries BC)
1 Characteristics of the architecture of the period V-I centuries. BC
2 Construction features
CHAPTER 3. THE EPOCH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (1st century BC - 5th century AD)
1 Characteristics of the architecture of the 1st century BC. −V c. AD
2 Colosseum - an architectural masterpiece. 70-80 n. eh
3 Pantheon - temple of all gods 125 AD
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The history of the culture of Ancient Rome is the history of the formation, development and decline of a huge state that stretched along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and included Europe, North Africa and the Near East in its sphere of influence.
One of the most important art forms in ancient Rome was architecture. Vitruvius is probably the most important ancient Roman architect. It was he who formulated the three basic principles of ancient Roman architecture: benefit, strength, beauty.
In the Roman art of the heyday, the leading role was played by architecture, whose monuments, even now, even in ruins, conquer with their power. The Romans laid the foundation for a new era of world architecture, in which the main place belonged to public buildings, embodying the ideas of the power of the state and designed for huge numbers of people. In the entire ancient world, Roman architecture has no equal in terms of the height of engineering, the variety of types of structures, the richness of compositional forms, and the scale of construction.
The history of architecture of Ancient Rome is divided into three stages. The first is the early or tsarist era, which began in the 8th-6th centuries. BC. The second stage is the era of the republic, which began at the end of the 6th century. BC, when the Etruscan kings were expelled from Rome, and lasted until the middle of the 1st century. BC. The third stage - the imperial one - began with the reign of Octavian Augustus, who went over to autocracy, and lasted until the 5th century. AD
The purpose of this work is to study the originality of the architecture of Ancient Rome
Research objective: to consider the features of the architecture of Ancient Rome and its characteristic features.
CHAPTER 1. EARLY OR ROYAL ROME (VIII-VI centuries BC)
1 Characteristics of the Architecture of the period VIII-VI centuries. BC
The center of the future great power - the city of Rome - arose in Lazia, in central Italy, in the lower reaches of the Tiber River. The early history of Rome is shrouded in legend and a fog of legends. There are several versions of its origin, but the most widespread is the legend of Romulus and Remus, they were the sons of the god of war Mars and the vestal Rhea Silvia, daughter of the king of the city of Alba Longa. The cunning brother of the king, wishing to take possession of the throne, imprisoned him, and put the twins in a basket and threw them into the Tiber. However, the basket with the twins was nailed to the Capitol, a sacred hill where a she-wolf nursed the babies with her milk. When the boys grew up, they returned the throne to their grandfather, and they themselves decided to found a new city. They erected its main temple on the Capitol Hill. Outlining the boundaries of the city, the brothers quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus, becoming the sole ruler of the city and giving him his name. It is believed that Rome was founded in 753 BC. e.
The development of Rome took place under the Etruscan influence. Many Etruscan achievements were borrowed, for example, in the field of construction, various crafts. Rome borrowed writing, Roman numerals, methods of interpretation and divination, and much more.
According to legend, in Rome in the VIII-VI centuries. ruled by 7 kings: Romulus, Numa Pomp Tullus Hostilius, Ankh Marcius, Tarcus the Ancient, Servius Tullius, Tarquim the Proud. Of particular importance in the history of early Rome and its culture is the reign of the last three Roman kings, who, as scientists believe, came from the Etruscans, but unlike the rest of the kings, were real historical figures.
The art of the Etruscans who lived in the first millennium BC e. end of VIII - I centuries BC e. on the territory of the Apennine Peninsula, left a significant mark in the history of world culture and strongly influenced the ancient Roman artistic activity. Having conquered the Etruscans, the Romans embraced their achievements and in their architecture, plasticity and painting continued what the Etruscans had begun.
Under the Etruscan dynasty, Rome began to transform. Work was carried out to drain the once swampy Forum, where shopping arcades and porticoes were built. On the Capitol Hill, a temple of Jupiter with a pediment decorated with a quadriga was erected by craftsmen from Etruria. Rome has turned into a large populous city with powerful fortified walls, beautiful temples and houses on stone foundations. Under the last king - Tarquinius Gordom, the main underground sewer pipe was built in Rome - the Great Cesspool, which serves the "eternal city" to this day.
Etruscan art works were created mainly in the area bounded by the Arno River in the north and the Tiber in the south, but there were also significant art workshops in the Etruscan cities to the north of these borders Marzabotto, Spina and to the south Preneste, Velletri, Satrik.
The Etruscans are known to modern man, perhaps, more for their art than for any other forms of activity, since much in their history, religion, culture, including not yet fully understood writing, remains mysterious.
The culture of the Etruscans testifies to their significant artistic talent. Their art is original, although traces of Asia Minor, later Greek influences can be distinguished in it. He is characterized by the desire for realism, so noticeable in the paintings of the tombs of the Etruscan nobility. Etruscan artists do not care about the transfer of details, but pay all attention to the most essential features of the depicted. If the Roman portrait reached an unprecedented artistic perfection, then this was due to the assimilation of the Etruscan heritage by the Roman masters. The so-called false dome, gradually converging inside rows of stone beams or bricks, was used in architecture already in the Minoan and Mycenaean periods, but only the Etruscans began to erect vaults from wedge-shaped beams, thus creating a dome in the proper sense of the word. The largest number of surviving monuments of Etruscan art belongs to the 6th - early 5th century. BC e. During this time, Etruria was strongly influenced by Greek culture, and during this period Etruscan art was flourishing.
An important place in Etruscan art was occupied by sculpture, which flourished in the 6th century. BC e. The most famous Etruscan sculptor was the master Vulka who worked in Vey, he owns a monumental terracotta statue of Apollo of Vey.
One of these works of the VI century. BC e. is the famous statue of the Capitoline wolf. The she-wolf is depicted nursing Romulus and Remus. In this sculpture, the viewer is amazed not only by observation in the reproduction of nature. No wonder the statue of the Capitoline she-wolf in subsequent eras was perceived as a vivid symbol of the harsh and cruel Rome.
Etruria's artisans were famous for their works of gold, bronze and clay. Etruscan potters used a special technique of the so-called buckeronero - black earth: the clay was smoked, thus acquiring a black color.
After molding and firing, the product was polished by friction. This technique was prompted by the desire to make earthen vessels look like more expensive metal vessels. Their walls were usually decorated with relief images, and sometimes a rooster or other figures were placed on the lids.
The main symbol of the power of Rome is the Forum. Even before the Etruscan invasion, the area between the Capitoline and Palatine hills became a kind of center of culture and civilization, which, both geographically and spiritually, united the Latin tribes who lived at the foot of the seven hills.
Having restored the Etruscan temple of Castor and Pollux in accordance with the canons of Hellenistic architecture, the republicans built the Basilica Emilia and Tabularia, where the tribunal and the State Archives, respectively, deployed their activities, paving the entire space of the Forum with slabs of travertine. The restructuring of the Roman Forum, begun by Julius Caesar and continued by Augustus, contributed to the ordering of a rather chaotic ensemble.
In accordance with the geometric layout of city squares surrounded by columns, adopted in the Hellenistic cities, the new development plan was based on the axial principle and rationalized the previously free design of the republican forum ensemble. Temples and basilicas, built in accordance with the new design, glorified the power of Rome throughout the world.
2 Temple of Saturn
The oldest part of the Roman Forum is the Temple of Saturn. The Temple of Saturn was preceded by a very ancient altar, which legend relates to a mythical city founded by Saturn himself on the Capitol. The possibility of the existence of a settlement on the hill since prehistoric times and the antiquity of the religious cult itself confirm to some extent this legend. The construction of the Temple of Saturn was a tribute to the god Saturn, whom the Romans identified with the Greek god Kronos and revered for his ability to save the city from disasters.
The construction of the temple may have been started already in the tsarist period. Its opening was carried out only in the first years of the Republic, possibly in 498 BC. e.
The building was completely rebuilt starting in 42 BC. BC, by Munatius Plank, and rebuilt after a fire that broke out during the reign of Karin 283 AD. e. Probably, it is to this restoration that the surviving part belongs - eight columns, six columns of gray granite on the facade and two of red on the sides, and the main pediment is largely built of restored material. The inscription, which is still visible on the frieze, reminds that this restoration was carried out due to the fire Senatus populusque romanus incendio consumptum restituit - the Senate and the people of Rome were rebuilt by fire.
It was the only temple in Rome where believers could enter with their heads open, and the first temple in which wax candles were burned. Here was kept a statue of the god Saturn, which was worn during processions on the occasion of triumphal celebrations.
3 Roman Forum
One of the main attractions of Rome. Since ancient times, the Roman Forum has been the place where people came to learn political news, exchange impressions, and conclude a successful trade deal.
The Roman Forum arose during the time of the first Roman kings, around the 7th century BC, when local residents began to gather in the space between the hills of the Capitol, Palatine and Quirinal.
The Forum, located in a valley between three hills - the Palatine, the Capitol and the Esquiline, in ancient times was a desolate swampy area that was drained during the reign of King Tarquinius the Ancient thanks to large-scale work on the construction of sewers and the laying of a large stone cesspool connected to the drainage system. After the area was drained, the construction of the Forum began, one part of which was intended for shops, the other for public ceremonies, religious holidays, elections in the chancellery and magistrates, for oratorical stands and sentencing of convicts.
In the center of the Forum stands a tall memorial column, the Phocas Column, which is a Corinthian column erected in front of the Rostra at the Roman Forum and in 608 dedicated to the Byzantine emperor Phocas.
The column, 13.6 m high, was erected on a white marble quadrangular pedestal, originally used in the monument in honor of Diocletian. At the top of the column there used to be a statue of the emperor made of gilded bronze - until in 610 Phoca was overthrown, after which the slow desolation of this place began.
CHAPTER 2. THE EPOCH OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (V-I centuries BC)
1 Characteristics of the architecture of the period V-I centuries. BC
From the republican period of the history of Ancient Rome, only a few architectural monuments have survived. In construction, the Romans used mainly four architectural orders: Tuscan, borrowed from the Etruscans, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Roman temples resemble Greek architecture in their rectangular shape and use of porticoes, but, unlike the Greek ones, they were grander and, as a rule, were erected on high podiums. In the V-IV centuries. BC. in Roman construction, mainly soft volcanic tuff was used. Fired brick and marble were widely used later in the republican period. In the II century. BC. Roman builders invented concrete, which caused the widespread distribution of arched-vaulted structures, which transformed all ancient architecture.
In addition to the peripter, the type of rotunda, that is, a round temple, was also used in Roman temple architecture. This was one of the oldest Roman temples - the temple of Vesta or Hercules, located at the Forum.
A variety of arches and arched structures were a characteristic feature of Roman architecture. But the Romans did not abandon the columns - they were used to decorate public buildings, for example, the huge theater of Pompey, the first stone theater in Rome in the 1st century. BC. Freestanding columns, erected, for example, in honor of military victories, were very popular in Roman architecture.
A very characteristic type of Roman structure was arcades - a series of arches resting on pillars or columns.
Arcades were used in the construction of open galleries running along the wall of a building, for example a theater, as well as in aqueducts - multi-tiered stone bridges, inside which were hidden lead and clay pipes that supply water to the city. A specifically Roman type of construction was the triumphal arch, which was most widespread in the era of the Empire as a monument to military and imperial glory.
In the middle of the 1st century. BC. the first majestic marble buildings appeared in Rome. Julius Caesar ordered the construction of a new Forum in Rome, worthy of the capital of a great power. The Basilica of Caesar was built there - a rectangular building intended for court hearings, trade operations and popular gatherings, Christian churches were built like the Roman basilica in the Middle Ages. A temple was also erected at the Forum in honor of Venus, the patroness of the Julian clan.
The main streets and squares of the city of Rome later in the Republican period were adorned with magnificent marble statues, mostly copies of Greek masters. Thanks to this, the works of famous Greek sculptors have come down to us: Miron, Polycletus, Praxiteles, Lysippos.
The central commercial and public square of the city - the Roman Forum, where popular meetings, fairs, and the court were held, are being improved. It is expanding, new public buildings and temples are being built around it, porticos are paved with tiles. It was the center of the political life of the capital of the world, decorated for centuries with assembly basilicas, temples and memorials.
By the II century. BC e. developed building on a plain bounded by three hills (Capitol, Palatine and Quirinal). Subsequently, five more forums joined the Roman Forum: Caesar, Augustus, Vespasian, Nerva and Trajan. Now it is a field of ruins of a huge complex of Roman forums from the times of the republic and early empire.
As a result of the Roman conquests, various kinds of wealth flowed to Rome and the Italian cities. This sparked the rise of Roman architecture. The Romans sought to emphasize in their buildings and architectural structures the idea of \u200b\u200bstrength, power and greatness that suppress a person. From here was born the love of Roman architects for the monumentality and scale of their structures, which amaze the imagination with their size. Another feature of Roman architecture is the desire for a magnificent decoration of buildings, rich decorative decoration, a lot of decorations, a greater interest in the utilitarian aspects of architecture, in the creation of mainly not temple complexes, but buildings and structures for practical needs - bridges, aqueducts, theaters, amphitheaters, baths ...
2 Construction features
The most important public building in ancient Rome was the basilica, where the court sat and trade deals were concluded. The rectangular volumes of the basilicas of the republican period at the forum in Pompeii and the imperial at the forum of Graiana in Rome consisted of five aisles, separated by columns: a very wide central one and four narrower ones that carried galleries of the second tier. The tribunal, where the court was held, had the shape of a huge semicircle, the diameter of which occupied one of the narrow sides and was separated from the rest of the basilica by a portico. The entrance was a passageway, probably had no overlap, remaining in the open air. The basilicas were always crowded and lively: the court sat, speakers spoke, trade deals were concluded. The atmosphere that reigned there is evidenced, for example, by such an inscription preserved on the wall of the Pompeian basilica.
Circuses were built on the model that was the grandiose Roman circus Massimo, built during the era of the republic. The tiers of stone stands were elliptical. The entrance was at its curvature and was marked by massive triumphal arches. The center of the field along its length was occupied by a high podium decorated with statues, obelisks and columns. Stone pillars standing at the ends - metas - served as a guide for the drivers.
The amphitheaters were circular in plan. Massive semicircular arches of cut stone, the so-called Roman cells, arranged in two or three tiers, surrounded the open arena.
Stone seats rose from the arena in tiers. An exceptional place among such structures was occupied by the four-story Flavian amphitheater in Rome (Colosseum), the construction of which began in 75 AD. e. under Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty. The performance in the Colosseum could be watched simultaneously by 50 thousand spectators. Through the open arcade of the first floor, they evenly penetrated inside and fell into place along 60 stairs. The seats in the first, lower tier were intended for the privileged class - senators, priests, vestals and judges, and here was the emperor's tribune; in the second - for citizens; in the third - for the plebs; the fourth floor was reserved for standing places for slaves. The dungeon under the arena housed chambers for gladiators, cages for animals, rooms where the corpses of the dead were carried. For the battle of gladiators, the arena was covered with sand; for a naval battle, it was filled with water using an aqueduct sleeve that approached the building. Inside the building was faced with marble, outside - with limestone tuff and decorated with columns - one at a time on the plane of the wall between the arched openings. On the ground floor, these are the columns of the Tuska order, squat and massive. The second floor is surrounded by graceful, slender columns of the Ionic order, the third - even higher Corinthian, the fourth - pilasters of the Corinthian order. This arrangement of columns provides a visual effect in which a building, massive from below, appears less heavy and taller. The arches were once filled with magnificent marble statues of Roman gods and senators. The pompous look was completed by a silk awning, which was stretched over the arena on hot or rainy days.
3 Famous monuments of the republican period
ancient roman architecture monument road
From most of the republican temples, and there were several dozen of them in Rome, not even the ruins have survived. The most famous are the grandiose structures, the ancient defensive walls of Rome, which arose back in the VIII century. BC. on three hills: Capitol, Palatine and Quiripale, laid out of stone early - VI century. BC. and the so-called Servian wall - 378-352. BC.
Roman roads were of great strategic importance, they united different parts of the country. The Appian Way of the 6th-3rd centuries leading to Rome. BC. for the movement of cohorts and messengers was the first of the network of roads that later covered all of Italy. Near the valley of Aricci, a road paved with a thick layer of concrete, rubble, lava and tuff slabs, because of the terrain, ran along a massive wall 197 m long, 11 m high, dissected in the lower part by three through arched spans for mountain waters.
Gradually in the following centuries Rome becomes the richest city in the world with water. Powerful bridges and aqueducts Appius Claudius aqueduct, 311 BC, Marcius aqueduct, 144 BC, running tens of kilometers, have occupied a prominent place in the architecture of the city, in the form of its picturesque surroundings, being an integral part of landscape of the Roman Campagna.
The most ancient vaulted structures include the sewage channel of the Maximus cesspool in Rome, which has survived to this day. Public life took place in the market square. The Romans had this forum. All the main city events took place here: meetings, councils, important decisions were announced here, children were taught, traded, it served as an arena for political activity, popular meetings, military triumphs.
The architectural ensemble included temples, basilicas, merchants' shops, markets. The squares were decorated with statues of famous citizens, political figures and were surrounded by columns and porticoes.
The oldest forum in Rome is the Republican Forum Romanum VI century BC. to which all roads converged. Now only the foundations of the buildings remain of the Forum Romanum; its initial appearance is a reconstruction.
In the last centuries of the republic, the forum acquired a complete architectural appearance. On one side it was adjoined by the imposing building of the state archive - Tabularius, which stood on vaulted underground floors. It was a completely new type of public building, and the fact that it first appeared among the Romans speaks of their exceptional respect for history.
Outside, Tabularia was decorated with a Greek order, but inside it consisted of a system of vaulted rooms. A long Tabularia staircase of 67 steps led from the forum to the Capitol. Such corridors and staircases are often found in republican buildings. They create the impression of the vastness of the space covered by the architecture. But at the same time, all forms are clearly visible in their perspective reduction: the smallest arch or step is clearly visible, the farthest goal is achievable.
Temples rose on the square, among them the temple of Vesta, the virgin goddess, in which an unquenchable fire burned, symbolizing the life of the Roman people. There were also columns to which rostras were attached - the prows of the defeated enemy ships, hence the name - rostral column, and there was a "sacred road" along which there were taberns - shops of jewelers and goldsmiths. During the era of the republic, especially in the V-II centuries. BC, the temple is the main type of public building. It developed gradually as a result of the interbreeding of the prevailing local Italic-Etruscan traditions with Greek, adapted to local conditions. Round and quadrangular pseudo-peripters were built with an entrance only from the main facade. The round temple - monopter consisted of a cylindrical base surrounded by a colonnade. The entrance was, according to Etruscan custom, from one, end, side.
Round temple of Sibyl or Vesta in Tivoli, 1st century BC, near Rome, surrounded by Corinthian columns. The frieze is decorated with reliefs depicting the traditional Roman motif - bull skulls, "bucrania", from which heavy garlands hang. It was a symbol of sacrifice and memory. The order in such temples was distinguished by the rigidity of the drawing and dryness: the columns lost their plasticity inherent in them in Greece.
The Greek round peripter usually had a stepped base and was designed for all-round viewing. The Temple of Sibylla in Tivoli, like the Etruscan temples, combines a frontal strictly symmetrical longitudinal axial composition and a round one. The axis of the temple is emphasized by the main entrance with steps, door and windows located in front of it. The massive, vaulted base of the temple in Tivoli creates a transition from the stone cliff, which it painfully completes, to an elegant round Corinthian rotunda with a light frieze of garlands. Raised on a high base, harmonious in proportions, with a slender and austere colonnade filled with light, the temple dominates the landscape. Its calm, harmonious forms contrast with the stormy cascade of the waterfall.
Rectangular Roman temples also differed from Greek order ones, as the well-preserved Temple of Fortuna Virilis at the Forum Bull in Rome (1st century BC) shows - a unique example of an early completed Roman temple of the pseudo-peripter type with a closed frontal axial composition. The Greek peripter in it is dismembered into a deep front portico open on all sides and a cella, surrounded by semi-columns that merge with the wall. Accentuating the main facade with a portico with free-standing columns and a main staircase of the entrance, the architect combined it with a closed cell of the Ionic order. It also has an entrance only on one side, the Ionic columns are crowned with capitals of a modest design. The pediment is completely "non-Greek", without sculptures inside its tympanum and with rich, strictly drawn profiles.
The Roman bridges of the 1st century are magnificent. BC. So, the Mulvia bridge, in addition to its practical advantages (it stood for more than two thousand years, is distinguished by the expressiveness of the image. The bridge visually, as it were, rests on the water with semicircles of arches, the supports between which are cut by high and narrow openings to ease the weight. The bridge seems to walk from coast to coast in continuous arches: it is dynamic and at the same time stable.
The originality of Roman architecture was reflected in the creation of a new type of private dwelling house for wealthy landowners, merchants, and artisans. Roman mansions are mostly one-story houses, in which the comfort of family life was combined with adaptability to business life.
Part of the appearance of the Roman city can be seen in the example of Pompeii, an Italian city that died in 79 AD. as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
The city buried under ash was accidentally discovered during the construction of a water supply system in the 17th century. From 1748 to the present day, excavations have continued. The city had a regular layout. Straight streets were framed by the facades of houses, at the bottom of which there were tabern shops. The vast forum was surrounded by a beautiful two-story colonnade. There were the sanctuary of Isis, the temple of Apollo, the temple of Jupiter, a large amphitheater, built, like the Greeks, in a natural depression. Designed for twenty thousand spectators, it significantly exceeded the needs of the city's residents and was also intended for visitors. There were two theaters in the city.
Remarkable Pompeian houses - "domus". These were rectangular structures that stretched along the courtyard, and out into the street with blank end walls. The main room was an atrium from lat. atrium - "smoked", "black", i.e. a room blackened with soot that served a sacred function. At the time of its foundation, Rome had a cult pit in the very center - "mundus", where all the inhabitants threw fruits and a handful of earth from their old homeland. It opened only once a year - on the day of the Underground Goddess or did not open at all. Each house repeated this model: in the atrium there was often a hole in the center of the roof - a compluvium. Under it was a pool for collecting water, akin to the mundus - impluvium.
In general, the atrium served as a "pillar of the world" connecting every Roman house with heaven and the underworld. It is no coincidence that all the most important things were in the atrium: a heavy chest with family values, an altar-type table and a cabinet for storing wax masks of ancestors and images of good patron spirits - lars and penates.
CHAPTER 3. THE EPOCH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (1st century BC - 5th century AD)
1 Characteristics of the architecture of the 1st century BC. −V c. AD
The imperial period came at the end of the 1st century. BC e., when the Roman state from an aristocratic republic turned into the Roman Empire. The development of architecture during the imperial period can be divided into three stages.
The architecture of the first stage of the imperial period (1st century BC - 1st century AD), characterized by the strengthening of the imperial power, was distinguished by the simplicity of compositional solutions. The works of Greek classical architecture served as a model for her. Among the main monuments is the Forum of Augustus with the temple of Mars Ultor (the Avenger). The Corinthian columns of the temple are placed closely, with an intercolumnium (distance between the columns) of 1.5 column diameters. A constructive system based on the combination of fired bricks with so-called Roman lime concrete in the walls and ceilings is becoming widespread. The brick was introduced in the form of arches or layers, alternating with concrete layers, which made it possible to erect vaults and domes of a large span. The outside of the building was faced with travertine or marble, inside the walls were plastered and painted. The second stage of the imperial period (II century AD) is called the golden age of the Roman Empire. During this period, the architect Apollodorus of Damascus built the largest architectural ensemble of Ancient Rome - the Forum of the Roman Emperor Trajan, which was distinguished not only by its size and variety of compositional solutions, but also by the richness of decoration. The five-nave basilica of Ulpia stretches parallel to the transverse axis of the Forum. The huge 38-meter column is entwined with a continuous belt of reliefs depicting Trajan's victorious campaigns. A new type of public building for the court, commercial transactions appeared - the Greek basilica. basilike is the royal house. The rectangular building in plan was divided into three to five naves by rows of columns, with the middle nave being higher than the lateral ones. Another outstanding work of Apollodorus of Damascus is the Pantheon (125 AD) - "The Temple of All Gods", rebuilt from a circular pool: a giant cylindrical volume covered by a spherical dome with a diameter of 43.2 m with a light hole in the center. The interior is finished with polychrome marble At the third stage of the imperial period (III century AD), architecture is characterized by an increased interest in the decorative principle, on a grandiose scale. So, the baths of Caracalla were built - a complex complex of public baths for 1800 people, including pools, baths, libraries, shops, etc., the grandiose baths of Diocletian - a huge rectangular building with rooms covered with domes. In the Alpine and Danube provinces from the 1st century. n. e. many cities grew up according to the Roman type - with arches, temples, amphitheaters. In the II century. n. e. the Syrian city of Palmyra is gaining in importance. Its architectural structures were distinguished by the ancient oriental splendor of decorative elements. Not far from Palmyra was the Baalbek cultural center - the sanctuary of the Roman local gods (I-III centuries AD) - colossal in size. So, the height of the Corinthian columns of the Temple of Jupiter is about 20 m. It should be noted that in the principles of constructing the Parthenon plan, which were identified by architectural historians, there are not only features of ancient traditions, but also some innovations that can be considered the birth of new traditions. The Greeks used ancient methods of proportioning, but gave them their own proportionality. The square, which was the basis of the Parthenon plan, had absolute dimensions, already calculated in Greek measures of length. This is one hundred Greek feet, which in modern terms is 30.86 m. This fact has a special, truly epochal significance. From this time until the end of the period of Antiquity, all the main structures of their time and their state system were built on the basis of a square with a side of one hundred attic feet. This proportionality can be revealed in the composition of the plans of the Pantheon in Rome and the temple of St. Sophia of Constantinople. The Roman Pantheon (118-128) is a construction of the period when the Roman Empire was moving towards the apogee of its development. It was conceived and built as a unique, one-of-a-kind building. Emperor Hadrian himself was directly related to the idea of \u200b\u200berecting the Pantheon (this information is legendary and, of course, not conclusive, but even in this form it is very eloquent). The Pantheon became the architectural embodiment of the core religious idea of \u200b\u200bimperial Rome about uniting together the beliefs and deities of different peoples. The volumetric-spatial composition of the Pantheon building is very simple. The volume is extremely close to a simple geometric shape, or, one might say, consists of simple geometric elements. The main volume of the temple can be imagined as a thick-walled cylinder with an inner diameter of 43.2 m and a wall thickness of about six meters. The cylindrical volume is covered with a hemispherical dome. The dome has a hemispherical outline only in the interior, from the outside it looks completely different. The height of the cylindrical part is calculated so that if the generatrix of the dome's hemisphere is extended downwards, then it should touch the ground. Figuratively, the hemisphere of the dome of the Pantheon symbolizes the sky, and the entire interior is the universe, because pagan deities exist not only in heaven, but also on earth. The impression made by this structure on the viewer is truly stunning. Of course, both the geometric construction and the effect of the impact on a person, all this did not happen by chance, but was originally laid down in the ideological and artistic "program" of the temple by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus. The ideological background is also read in the application of some architectural techniques. As you know, the supreme god of the host of Latin gods is Jupiter, an analogue of the Greek Zeus. But there were serious differences in the ideas of the supreme deity among the Greeks and Romans. The views of the Romans were influenced by the heritage of the Etruscans, whose deities did not have an anthropomorphic image. Jupiter was identified with the light of the sky. Therefore, the main element of the dome was the opion - a round hole at the zenith of the dome. When on a sunny day a column of blinding light burst into the twilight of the temple, believers imagined that this was Jupiter, who entered the temple. The image of the inner space of the Pantheon, created by Roman architects, is one of the strongest in world architecture for the entire time of its existence. Strictly speaking, round temples (folos) were built earlier, already in classical Greece. Round temples dedicated to all gods were created in the Hellenistic era, and in Rome the first cylindrical Pantheon was built at the end of the 1st century. by order of Agripa. All these structures were not so impressive in size, and, apparently, not so impressive in their architectural design. However, the fact that the idea itself was already in the air should be remembered. The fact that the Pantheon plan is based on a hundred-foot square, the inner circle of the Pantheon plan is described around this square, is also not accidental. This is a continuation of tradition, a declaration of inextricable ties with the culture of the preceding era. It should not be forgotten that until the early period of the Empire, Rome was not at all a leader in the field of culture and art, following the paths laid by the Etruscans, the Hellenized peoples of the Italic peninsula (for example, the Samnites, whose cities were rebuilt by the Romans and turned into their own). In fact, the proportions of the Pantheon are not limited to just one hundred feet square. The entire Pantheon is strictly proportional, almost all of its elements can be calculated and built in a geometric way. However, these proportional laws are less important for us, since they are of a secondary, auxiliary character. The Roman Pantheon was conceived and built as a unique temple. There were other unique structures in Rome: the Colosseum, Tabularium, the giant baths of Diocletian, Caracalla. But all these structures are unique in a completely different way. The functional diagram of the Colosseum differs little from those used in other large circuses. The volumetric-spatial structure of all amphitheaters was based on a typical element - an arched-order cell. From such cells, as from the constructor, many Roman public buildings, circuses, theaters, and some administrative buildings, such as Tabularius, were "assembled". In other words, the uniqueness of the Colosseum is only in its extraordinary size. The Colosseum is the largest among many large amphitheaters, the first among equals comparable to it. The provinces were flourishing. The Roman Empire became the slave-owning empire of the Mediterranean. Rome itself took on the appearance of a world power. End I and early II century. n. e. the period of the reign of the Flavians and Trajan - the time of the creation of grandiose architectural complexes, structures of a large spatial scale. Until now, the ruins of the giant palaces of the Caesars on the Palatine (1st century AD) amaze with their harsh grandeur. The epitome of the power and historical significance of Imperial Rome were triumphal structures that celebrated the military victories of Rome. Triumphal arches and columns were erected not only in Italy, but also in the provinces for the glory of Rome. Roman buildings were active conductors of Roman culture and ideology there. The arches were erected for various reasons - both in honor of victories and as a sign of the consecration of new cities. However, their primary meaning is associated with triumph - a solemn procession in honor of the victory over the enemy. Passing through the arch, the emperor returned to his hometown in a new capacity. The arch was the border of one's own and another's world. At the entrance to the Roman Forum, in commemoration of the victory of the Romans in the Jewish War, the marble Arch of Triumph of Titus (81 AD) was erected to suppress the uprising in Judea. Titus, considered a sane and noble emperor, ruled for a relatively short time (79-81). Perfect in form, sparkling white single-span arch 15.4 m high, 5.33 m wide served as the basis for the sculptural group of the emperor on a chariot. 2 Colosseum - an architectural masterpiece. 70-80 n. eh The Colosseum is the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheaters, a famous monument of ancient Rome and one of the most remarkable structures in the world. For a long time, the Colosseum was for the inhabitants of Rome and visitors the main place for entertainment, such as gladiator fights, animal baiting, naval battles (naumachia). It is located in the hollow between the Esquiline, Palatine and Celievsky hills, in the place where there was a pond that belonged to the Golden House of Nero. The Colosseum was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater because it was a collective building of the Flavian emperors. Like other Roman amphitheaters, the Flavian Amphitheater presents an ellipse in plan, the middle of which is occupied by an arena and the concentric rings of spectator seats surrounding it. The Colosseum differs from all structures of this kind in its size. This is the most grandiose antique amphitheater: the length of its outer ellipse is 524 m, the length of the arena is 85.75 m, its width is 53.62 m, the height of its walls is from 48 to 50 meters. With this size, it could accommodate about 50 thousand spectators. The walls of the Colosseum are built from large pieces or blocks of travertine stone or travertine marble quarried in the nearby town of Tivoli. The blocks were interconnected by steel ties with a total weight of about 300 tons; local tuff and bricks were also used for the internal parts. The Flavian Amphitheater was built on a 13-meter-thick concrete foundation. An architectural and logistic solution used in the Colosseum and named vomitoria from lat. vomere "spew", is still used in the construction of stadiums: many entrances are evenly distributed around the entire perimeter of the building. Thanks to this, the public could fill the Colosseum in 15 minutes and leave in 5. The Colosseum in Rome had 80 entrances, of which 4 were intended for the highest nobility. These seats were arranged around the entire arena in the form of rows of stone benches, rising one above the other. The bottom row, or podium, was assigned exclusively to the emperor, his family, senators and vestals, and the emperor had a special, exalted seat. The podium was separated from the arena by a parapet high enough to protect spectators from the attack of animals released on it. This was followed by seats for the public, forming three tiers, corresponding to the tiers of the facade of the building. In the first tier, which contained 20 rows of benches, sat the city authorities and persons belonging to the class of equestrians, the second tier, which consisted of 16 rows of benches, was intended for people with the rights of Roman citizenship. The wall separating the second tier from the third was rather high, while the benches of the third tier were located on a steeper inclined surface, this device was intended to give visitors of the third tier the opportunity to better see the arena and everything that happens on it. The spectators of the third tier belonged to the lower classes. On the roof of the Colosseum, during the performances, the sailors of the Imperial Navy were placed, sent to stretch a huge awning over the amphitheater to protect the audience from the scorching rays of the sun or from bad weather. This awning was attached with ropes to the masts placed along the upper edge of the wall. All arched spans of the second and third floors were decorated with statues that have survived to this day. On the platform in front of the amphitheater, there was a thirty-meter bronze statue of Nero, called the Colossus. It is believed that the name Colosseum - colossal - originated just from this colossus. The construction of the amphitheater was started by Emperor Vespasian after his victories in Judea. The construction was completed in 80 by the emperor Titus. The Colosseum has long been considered a symbol of the greatness of Rome. The Colosseum was a spectacular theater where many animals were killed. But already in 405, the emperor Honorius banned gladiatorial fights, and later animal persecution was also prohibited. The Colosseum ceased to be the main arena of Rome. At the end of the 13th century, the Colosseum in Rome was turned into a quarry. Houses and churches were built from it, in 1495 the office of the Pope was built from the materials of the Colosseum, and in the 16th century bridges were built from the squares of the "giant". Subsequently, the arena of the legendary Roman amphitheater has long been associated with the torture of early Christians. So, in 1744, the Colosseum was consecrated in memory of the Christian martyrs who died here in battle with wild animals in front of the raging Roman crowds. A cross still stands in the center of the Colosseum. In the 21st century, the Colosseum in Rome was among the contenders for the title of one of the seven New Wonders of the World, and according to the results of the vote, which were announced on July 7, 2007, it was recognized as one of the 7 New Wonders of the World. 3 Pantheon - temple of all gods 125 AD An outstanding structure with a centric circular plan is the Roman "temple of all gods" of the Roman Empire, the Pantheon (125 AD), the finest and best preserved monument of ancient Rome. This most perfect example of a grandiose rotunda temple under the Emperor Hadrian was rebuilt from a circular pool by Apollodorus of Damascus, the author of the largest architectural ensemble of Ancient Rome - the Trajan Forum. The Pantheon accommodates over two thousand people. Its space is covered with a dome of a bold design with a diameter of 43 m, which remained unsurpassed until the second half of the 19th century. and served as a model for domed construction for all subsequent centuries. The construction of the Pantheon testifies to the flourishing of architectural thought in Ancient Rome. Its beauty lies in the harmonious combination of clear volumes: the cylinder of the rotunda, the hemisphere of the dome and the parallelepiped of the portico. The walls of the rotunda rest on a concrete foundation 4.5 m deep and 7.3 m thick. The walls are 6.3 m thick. The rotunda wall consists of eight pylons - pylons connected by arches. The portico with two rows of columns of eight looks like the entrance to the temple - pronaos. The imposing fluted monolithic columns are carved from red Egyptian granite, and their capitals and bases are from Greek marble. With its splendor, the portico disguises the heavy cylinder of the temple. Protruding strongly into the small square in front of the Pantheon, it seems especially large and hides behind it a colossal massive rotunda of the temple. The artistic image of the Pantheon is based on strict calculation. The diameter of the rotunda is equal to the total height of the inner space of the temple, 43 m, so if a ball is inscribed in its space, half of it forms a dome. In perfect harmonious forms of a circle and a ball, the architect embodies the idea of \u200b\u200bcomplete rest, creates the impression of a special, sublime grandeur. The interior decoration of the temple - marble facings and knock decorations - is unusually solemn. Outside, the first tier of the rotunda is faced with marble, the two upper tiers are plastered. The dome of the Pantheon reaches 43 m in diameter, and its thickness is about 1 m, it was not surpassed by the domes of the temples of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Modern times, until the end of the XIX century. The upper area of \u200b\u200bthe dome is made of pumice concrete to reduce the weight of the dome. A round hole 9 m in diameter was left in the center of the dome for illumination. The outside of the building is unusually massive. A continuous ring of blank walls, fifty-six meters in diameter, closes it. The dome appears to be pressed into these walls, passing to them in rows of flat ledges. The structure forms a monolithic block, under the weight of which the earth seems to bend. The deep portico does nothing to mitigate this powerful gravity effect. Its columns rise to almost fifteen meters in height. Their solid trunks are hewn from deep red Egyptian granite. Their Corinthian marble capitals blackened with age, giving the structure a somewhat gloomy splendor. The inner space of the ancient temple is huge, solemn, but filled with soft, pacifying light. The diameter of the round hall is just over forty-three meters. The walls faced with marble are cut with deep niches, sometimes rectangular, sometimes semicircular. The colonnades separating them from the main part of the hall form openwork curtains that allow this space to preserve ideally round borders, but at the same time not be geometrically closed. The annular overhead entablature and the attic tier dissected by panels above it smoothly describe the circumference of the hall, interrupted, however, by the entrance arch and the conch of the main exedra in the depths. The verticals of the columns, pilasters, panels attract the eye to the hemispherical dome crowning the hall, in which the entire space of the temple is brought to an unprecedented harmonious unity. The Pantheon Dome is a true marvel of engineering and fine artistic taste. This is a regular hemisphere with a diameter of 43.2 meters; the dimensions of its span were surpassed only in the 20th century. Its height is equal to the height of the walls on which it rests. Heavy and massive on the outside, it rests on the retaining walls with extraordinary calmness and lightness. Visually lightening it, five rows of escaping caissons collect soft dusk in their recesses, and one can imagine that the gilded rosettes that once adorned them glittered like stars For a long time, the Pantheon remained a model for many architects; it won over with its simplicity and integrity of design. Repeatedly famous architects tried to design and build a building surpassing the Pantheon in size and perfection of embodiment. However, as a true masterpiece, he remained unique. The Pantheon still stands in the center of Rome. This is the only monument of ancient Roman architecture that was not destroyed or rebuilt in the Middle Ages. Many Christian churches were built to imitate the Pantheon. The most famous of them is the Parisian Pantheon. The architecture of Ancient Rome has left a huge legacy to mankind, the significance of which is difficult to overestimate. The great organizer and creator of modern norms of civilized life, Ancient Rome decisively transformed the cultural appearance of a huge part of the world. The art of the Roman period has left many remarkable monuments in a wide variety of areas. Each ancient Roman monument embodies a tradition compressed by time and brought to its logical conclusion. It carries information about faith and rituals, the meaning of life and creative skills of the people to whom it belonged, the place that this people occupied in the grand empire. The Roman state is very difficult. He was the only one who had the mission of parting with the millennial world of paganism and creating those principles that formed the basis of Christian art in the modern era. The Romans learned to build arches from stone, simple vaults and domes to cover buildings, they also began to use lime mortar to hold stones together. This was a huge step forward in construction engineering. Now it was possible to build structures of more varied layout and to overlap large interior rooms. For example, the circular interior of the Roman pantheon - the temple of all the gods - was 40 meters across. It was covered with a giant dome, which later became a model for architects and builders for centuries. The Romans adopted the Greek columns. They preferred the Corinthian style as the most opulent. In Roman buildings, columns began to lose their original purpose of being a support for any part of the building. They turned into decoration, since the arches and vaults were held even without them. Semi-columns and rectangular pilasters were often used. LIST OF USED LITERATURE 1.Alferova M.A. History and legends of Ancient Rome M., 2006. .Blavatsky V.D. Architecture of Ancient Rome M., 1938. .V.A. Golovashin Culturology M., 2004 .D. Dozhdev. Roman private law. Uch. for universities. -M., 1996 .Kirillin V.A. Ancient Rome M., 1986 .Kolpinsky Yu.D. Monuments of world art M., 1970 .Kuzishchin V.I., Gvozdeva I.A.History of Ancient Rome M., 2008 .Mironov V.B. Ancient Rome M., 2007 .Nikolaev D.V. Culture of the Ancient World. - SPb, 2010 .Yarkho V.N. Ancient culture - M., 1995.
