Smirdin's bookstore. Gallery of ex-libris - book monuments of karelia smirdin bookstore

The very first bookstore in St. Petersburg appeared in 1714

Among the sights of St. Petersburg, a worthy place is occupied by the Writers' Bookstore, which is comfortably located in an old house at number 66 on Nevsky Prospekt. To a modern person, the name “bookstore” may seem old-fashioned, but it is historically justified, if only because the book trade in St. Petersburg was carried out in bookstores that appeared in the Gostiny Dvor system at the end of the 18th century.

These were poorly lit, unheated retail outlets, and they differed from hardware, textile and haberdashery shops in greater crowdedness and darkness.

The very first bookstore in St. Petersburg appeared in 1714. It was located on Troitskaya Square in Gostiny Dvor, next to the first printing house. The history of this shop is described in the story of A. V. Arseniev "The first bookshop in St. Petersburg under Peter the Great." After the closure of the printing house, the shop ceased to exist, which until 1722 traded in the products of the sovereign printing house - calendars, alphabets, textbooks, military and naval literature.

In January 1813, on Sadovaya Street, in the house of Colonel Balabin, a bookstore of Vasily Alekseevich Plavilshchikov was opened. This shop, which was later located on the Moika embankment, at the corner of St. Isaac's Square, became the first commercial structure where "scientists and writers gathered to make corrections, extracts and mutually confer."

Plavilshchikov's bookstore can be called the first club of Petersburg writers, scientists and artists. In the same 1813, Ivan Vasilievich Slonin began to trade in books. His bookstore was located on Nevsky Prospekt, near Kazansky Bridge, in the house of Kusovnikov, and later in the house of the pharmacist Imsen. Famous Petersburg writers were the regular guests of the bookseller. Alexander Efimovich Izmailov, a famous fabulist at that time, left a verse testimony about this:

I sit on the armchairs in Slonin's shop,
I look sadly at books, portraits -
Here is our bard Derzhavin, here is Dmitrev, Krylov!
And here is Catalani, under her Khvostov.
Timkovsky, the censor, there is a portrait.
There is even Gerakov - Izmailov, no!
Perhaps I will live to see a bright day!
Maybe they'll hang me in the bookstore!
Chu! Chu! the bell in the entryway rang;
The owner flew to the door with a smile ...
Ryleev, Bestuzhev and Grech come,
The last language should be stopped.
Here Somov runs in, here comes Kozlov,
But Khvostov came from the Senate ...

“Distant pictures float,
The past rises in memory ... "

Our journey begins at 22 Nevsky Prospekt. From 1832 to 1856 the bookstore of Alexander Filippovich Smirdin (1795-1857), a prominent bookseller, publisher and bibliophile, was located here.

Smirdin A.F.

In 1834, having founded the magazine "Library for Reading", the publisher laid the foundation for publishing "thick" literary and art magazines in Russia. Smirdin mainly published works of Russian writers. He published the "Complete Works of Russian Authors" by Pushkin, Gogol, Zhukovsky, Krylov. He also carried out new editions of the works of Lomonosov and other prominent figures of the 18th century.

To be involved in the name of Smirdin is an honor for any book! Today we are waiting for an acquaintance with an old book with witchcraft charms. 1834 year of publication! “Works of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin”. We hear the rustle of book pages, and we no longer just read the poems of the great poet of the 18th century, but see them through the eyes of Pushkin, Belinsky, Gogol. Let's breathe in the scent of the yellowed pages and feel the charm of the past centuries.

The sensuously simple-minded syllable of the 18th century ... One cannot remain indifferent to it: it awakens the feeling of the continuity of times dormant in each of us. Under the pen of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin, the pages of Russian history come to life: the mighty Perth I leads the regiments into battle, Count Orlov "soars over the Russian fleet." Turning the pages of the book, we find the famous "Ode to the wise Kirghiz-Kaisak princess Felitsa." Once the Great Empress Catherine II shed tears as she read her lines.

It seems that there is nothing on paper, except for slightly faded lines, but some kind of inner vision penetrates deep into the book, causes involuntary visions ...

Here flashed the image of young Pushkin, bending over the immortal "Monument". And here is the serious look of the literary critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky, who reads the poem "Waterfall":

The mountain is falling down diamond
From the heights with four rocks;
Abyss and silver for pearls
Boils below, beats up with bumps;
The blue hill stands from the spray
Far away, a roar thunders in the forest.

“The father of Russian poets,” was the name of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin during his lifetime. Batyushkov, Ryleev, and Tyutchev studied under the great genius.

Harsh and elegant 18th century! It will never deplete for readers, and each new generation will discover its own story in it.

Among a number of names of people who have made a worthy contribution to the history of our country, the name of an outstanding person - the publisher and distributor of books, whose life and activity falls on one of the brightest periods of our history - the first half of the nineteenth century, stands out..

Smirdin Alexander Filippovich (1785 - 1857)

The name of A.F.Smirdin entered the literary life of the first half of the 19th century. V. G. Belinsky, half-jokingly, half-seriously, in 1834, in his reasoning about the four periods of Russian literature, wrote: "... it remains to mention the fifth one ... which can and should be called Smirdin ... because A. F. Smirdin is the head and manager of this period" ...

The "Smirdinsky period" in the history of the development of the book business in the country coincided with the "golden age" of Russian literature. V. G. Belinsky devoted several large articles to him; A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, I. A. Krylov, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. A. Zhukovsky and many other writers and critics.

He was born in Moscow, the son of a small canvas merchant. The father could not provide his son with education due to lack of funds and gave it as a "boy" to the shop of the Moscow bookseller Ilyin. In a short time, he achieved the position of a clerk. During the Patriotic War of 1812, he did not manage to enter the Moscow militia, despite an ardent patriotic desire, and he, with great dangers, walked to St. Petersburg, where he met the famous bookseller Vasily Plavilshchikov. This meeting determined the further fate of Smirdin. In 1817 Melilshchikov invited him to the post of chief clerk of his book trade. With his honesty, devotion and love for the book, Smirdin disposes of Plavilshchikov so much that he leaves a spiritual testament, according to which he grants Smirdin, for his honest service, the right to buy all the book goods and the library at the price at which he pleases. In fact, it was not that simple. The book trade and Plavil'shchikov's library were burdened with debts, and only the good name of Smirdin, which aroused the confidence of creditors, helped him become the owner of the enterprise without a penny of money. Smirdin was talented, with practical, purely folk ingenuity, which was his main capital. In 1829 he published his first independent edition - the novel by F. Bulgarin "Ivan Ivanovich Vyzhigin", which brought material success, and moved to a luxurious building on Nevsky Prospekt. It housed an extensive reading library and a bookstore, which soon turned into a fashionable literary salon in St. Petersburg.

The opening and further activity of the bookshop and library of AF Smirdin played a special role in the development of literature and book business. AF Smirdin invited all the literary world of that time to the housewarming. He wanted to unite all artistic and literary forces, and his first experience was, one after the other, two collections "Housewarming". They include works that the guests presented to the owner as a gift. Among the authors of the collections are famous and famous people - V.A.Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, I.A.Krylov, E.A. Baratynsky, P.A.Vyazemsky, N.I. Gnedich, N.V. Gogol, V. F. Odoevsky, D. I. Yazykov, F. V. Bulgarin, N. I. Grech and a number of other names.

But the unification under one cover of such different representatives of the literary society of that time could not mean the unification of the ideological and the personal. This was a period of literary confrontation, when the antagonism that existed between the various camps of literature was sharply manifested.

N. Grech described the incident at the housewarming celebration of Smirdin's bookstore in a very characteristic way: “Bulgarin and I happened to sit in such a way that between us sat the censor Vasily Nikolaevich Semyonov, an old lyceum student, almost a schoolmate of Alexander Sergeevich. Pushkin this time was somehow, especially in shock, chatted incessantly, joked awkwardly and laughed until he fell. Suddenly, noticing that Semyonov was sitting between us, two journalists ... shouted from the opposite side of the table, addressing Semyonov: “You, brother Semyonov, today are like Christ on Mount Calvary ". These words were immediately understood by all. I laughed, of course, louder than anyone ...". It is unlikely that this laugh was sincere. Christ was crucified on Mount Calvary between two robbers.

Both collections got into the Taganrog library from the first days of its opening, as evidenced by the stamps on the books - (Taganrog Public Library), (Taganrog City Library), (Don District Central Library named after A.P. Chekhov), (Central Library of the Reading Room named after A. . P. Chekhov), (Library named after A. P. Chekhov. Book depository). These stamps correspond to the period from 1876 to the middle of the twentieth century.

Smirdin sincerely, to the point of selflessness, loved the artists of the word, regardless of their ideological and literary affiliation, and with all his simple soul and naivety tried to unite Russian literature, all writers. The publication of collections Housewarming, the magazines "Library for Reading", "Son of the Fatherland" and his other enterprises testify to the attempt to reconcile the creative, talented people of that time.

Alexander Filippovich's hopes were not justified. The chasm between the opposing camps of literature grew deeper.

Special mention should be made of the role of A.F.Smirdin in the history of the development of journalism. The publication of the magazine "Library for Reading", which VG Belinsky spoke of as a new era in Russian literature, contributed to the strengthening of strong ties between writers and the book trade. Until that time, journalism was the lot of a narrow circle of amateurs, while Smirdin's publications became available and interesting to society. He was the first to pay for literary work, which at that time was considered entertainment, and he appreciated it unusually generously. For the publication of fables he paid I. Krylov 40 thousand rubles in banknotes, for each poetic line of A. Pushkin he paid a "chervonets", and for the poem "Husar", published in the magazine "Library for Reading", he paid him 1200 rubles. It was a lot of money for that time. In 1934, A.F. Smirdin for the first time concludes with A.S. Pushkin a condition on the monopoly right to publish his works.

The publication of the Library for Reading magazine for AF Smirdin was a continuation of his intentions to attract and unite the best literary forces. For the first time, brilliant works were printed on its pages. Issues of the journal "Library for Reading" have been kept in the library funds since 1834 and represent lifetime editions of works by A. Pushkin, V. A. Zhukovsky, I. I. Kozlov, M. Yu. Lermontov, P. P. Ershov, F. V. Bulgarin, A. A. Marlinsky. N. V. Gogol, E. A. Baratynsky, N. V. Kukolnik, N. I. Grech, V. I. Grigorovich, D. V. Davydov, M. N. Zagoskina, I. A. Krylova, V. F. Odoevsky, V. I. Panaev, I. A. Pletnev, M. P. Pogodin, A. A. Pogorelsky, N. A. Polevoy and other authors.

Without thinking and not caring about himself, Smirdin boldly embarked on any publishing enterprise, if he saw in it the benefits of his beloved literature. Another merit was the publication of the works of Russian classics and modern writers, not only with high quality and beautiful, but also accessible for

In 1840, A.F.Smirdin began publishing the Complete Works of Russian Authors, which his contemporaries spoke of as a significant achievement, a major event in the country's literary life. This edition has not lost its historical significance today.

Books in this series are also presented in the library.

The attitude of contemporary writers to Smirdin bore the character of sincere friendship. He is constantly visited, spending hours in conversations. For his part, Smirdin treated them with remarkable cordiality and constantly renders various services. At the same time, these relationships were the most opposite: from adoration, respect, love, servility, to irritable discontent, abusive attitude and use. He had to deal with outright deception, shameless robbery, squabbles and intrigues.

The best intentions of AF Smirdin collapsed under the pressure of personal ambitions, the mercantile interests of the writers around him - FV Bulkarin, OI Senkovsky, NI Grech, PP Svinin and others. They openly discredited the publisher's progressive undertakings, pulled him into their networks, and actually used his pocket.

NV Kukolnik is offended that Smirdin does not appreciate him, while he is one of the most published writers, and in the magazine "Library for Reading" - a regular author.

Smirdin's favorite A.S. Pushkin, whose works were always very generously paid by him on demand, dreams of his own publication: “Smirdin is already offering me 15,000 that I should give up my enterprise and become an employee of his Library again. But even though it would be profitable, but I can't agree to that. But Senkovsky is such a beast, and Smirdin is such a fool that it's impossible to get in touch with them. "

E back in the heyday of Smirdin, A. Nikitenko wrote in his diary: "Smirdin is a truly kind and honest man, but he is poorly educated and, worst of all for him, has no character. Our writers own his pockets like rent. He can go broke on their mercy. It would be a real misfortune for our literature. "

Smirdin continues to remain true to himself. From the beginning of 1839 he made another attempt to unite all Russian writers and began to publish One Hundred Russian Literary Men. Unheard of in luxury, this edition with engraved portraits and illustrations is an example of the typographic art of the time. "... I ordered the best artists in England to engrave and print portraits and pictures for publication ..." - wrote AF Smirdin in his address "From the Publisher".

Despite the experience already gained, the publishing scale, instead of uniting all Russian writers, a terrifying neighborhood in tastelessness turned out - Pushkin - Bulgarin, Krylov - Markov, Zotov - Denis Davydov. Smirdin fell victim to the impracticability of his idea - the publication ended on the third volume. From that time until his death, the publisher entered a period of struggle against ruin and collapse.

The political and economic crisis that began in the 1920s could not but affect literary events, as well as his activities. At that time, the outdated literary school represented by Senkovsky, Grech, Bulgarin, Polevoy, Zagoskin was replaced by the triumph of a new "natural school". Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, later Belinsky, Herzen, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Grigorovich, Nekrasov captured the minds and tastes of readers. Smirdin, on the other hand, continued to publish obsolete literary men, retired fictional writers, in whom the readers' interest was falling every day. All attempts to avoid ruin only delayed it for a while. In 1845 he stopped the book trade, but still tries to continue publishing books. This supported him for several more years. Obsessed with love for the book, he lived with the consciousness that still benefits Russian literature. He died in 1857. In "Northern Bee" it was reported that the funeral was more than modest, even those who owed so much to this man did not attend.

Literature

• Smirnov-Sokolsky Nick. A.F.Smirdin's Bookstore: To the 100th Anniversary of the Death of a Publisher-Bookseller

A.F.Smirdin. 1785-1857-1957 / Nick. Smirnov-Sokolsky - M .: Publishing house of VKP, 1957. - 80 p.

• Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brothers A. and I. Granat
• Encyclopedic Dictionary. F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron

* See T. Grits, V. Trenin, M. Nikitin. Literature and Commerce. Bookstore A.F. Smirdin.
M .: Agraf, 2001. Edited by V.B. Shklovsky and B.M. Eichenbaum. Series: "Literary Workshop". c. 178-194.

** Previously, book trade took place in open spaces. In winter, it was very cold in such premises, the number of buyers dropped to
minimum. In old prints, the bookseller was often depicted with a glass of steaming tea, which was drunk for warming.

Renowned bookseller-publisher; genus. in Moscow on January 21, 1795, died in St. Petersburg on September 16, 1857. Thirteen years old S. was determined as a "boy" in the bookstore of the Moscow bookseller PA Ilyin, and then served as a clerk in Shiryaev's bookstore, formerly in Moscow. In 1817 he went to the service of the St. Petersburg bookseller P.A.Plavilshchikov, who showed him unlimited confidence and soon entrusted him with the conduct of all his affairs. In 1825 Plavilshchikov died. The will left by him gave S. the right, for his service, to buy all the goods of the bookstore, library and printing house at the price he wanted, but the deeply honest S. did not use this right, but made a call to all booksellers to evaluate the property of Plavilshchikov and set the price above all himself. From that time, S.'s independent book-selling and, at the same time, publishing activity began (his first edition was Bulgarin's "Ivan Vyzhigin"). Soon S. expanded his trade, moved from Gostiny Dvor to the Blue Bridge, and then to Nevsky Prospekt, to the house of the Peter-Pavlovsk Church. At this time, he was already in close acquaintance with many modern writers, and Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Krylov and other writers were present at his housewarming celebration. In memory of this holiday, the collection "Housewarming" (1833) was published, composed of works by guests for a housewarming.

The fruit of S.'s long and tireless publishing activity is a long series of a wide variety of publications: scientific books, textbooks, works of fine literature. S. published the works of Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Krylov and friend, as well as some of these writers who, perhaps, would never have been published, had it not been for S. In total, S. published more than three million rubles. In 1834 he founded the magazine "Library for Reading", which was the most widespread magazine of its time and laid the foundation for the so-called "thick" magazines; S.'s generosity in respect of fees attracted the best contemporary writers to participate in his magazine. The attitude of modern writers to S. was in the nature of sincere friendship. Appreciating in him a well-read and educated person in many respects, almost all famous writers of his time constantly visited him, spending whole hours in conversation with him. For his part, S., devoted to the interests of literature, treated its representatives with remarkable cordiality and did not miss an opportunity to provide them with this or that service. Every good work found a publisher in it; every aspiring talent could count on his support. For quite a long time, S.'s publications were widely distributed and his enterprise went well, but then his affairs were shaken. The reason for this was his excessive gullibility and disinterestedness in trade, and most of all his extraordinary generosity in the payment of literary labor. Thus, he paid Pushkin for each line of poems "one ruble", and for the poem "Hussar" placed in the "Library for Reading" in 1834, he paid 1200 rubles; Krylov for the right to publish his fables in the amount of forty thousand copies S. paid 40,000 rubles (banknotes). In the end, he lost all the capital he had accumulated and came to complete ruin. He was forced to gradually reduce and then completely stop his book trade. Burdened with heavy debts, he did not lose hope of paying them and resorted to the most ruinous means for himself, starting one or the other enterprise. During this period, S. started, among other things, to publish the works of Russian writers, starting with Lomonosov, Tredyakovsky, etc., in the fullest possible extent, but in the smallest possible format and in small print, in order to be able to sell each volume at a cheap price. ... The support of the government, which allowed S. to arrange in his favor a lottery from books, did not save him, and he was declared an insolvent debtor. He spent the last time of his life in complete poverty. After his death, St. Petersburg booksellers published a "Collection of literary articles dedicated by Russian writers to the memory of the late bookseller-publisher Alexander Filippovich Smirdin", in favor of his family and for staging a monument at his grave. S. is buried at the Volkov cemetery.

In addition to "Library for Reading", S. since 1838 published, under the editorship of Polevoy and Grech, "Son of the Fatherland". Bibliography was S.'s favorite pastime. With his close assistance, Anastasevich compiled "Painting Russian Books for Reading from A. Smirdin's Library" (1828-1832), which for a long time served as the only reference book on Russian bibliography; until the very last days of his life, S. did not stop making additions to this bibliography. The main merit of S., who devoted his whole life to selfless service to the book business, lies in the cheapening of books, in the worthy assessment of literary works as capital, and in strengthening the strong connection between literature and book trade. His activities played a significant role in the history of Russian education.

"AF Smirdin (A Brief Sketch of His Life and Activities)", ("Library for Reading" 1857, No. 11, vol. CXLVI, pp. 249-255). - I. I. Bulatov, "Smirdin, A. F., biographical sketch" ("News of the bookstores of the Association M. O. Wolf" 1898, No. 4, pp. 83-89). - "Collection of literary articles dedicated by Russian writers to the memory of the late bookseller-publisher Alexander Filippovich Smirdin", v. 1, St. Petersburg, 1858, pp. I - XII. - K. Polevoy. "Remembrance of AF Smirdin" ("Northern Bee" 1857, No. 210). - FB, "AF Smirdin and a hundred Russian writers" ("Northern Bee" 1839, No. 287). - Count Khvostov, "At the housewarming of AF Smirdin" ("Ladies' Journal" 1832, part XXXVII, No. 11, p. 168). - Obituaries in Otechestvennye Zapiski 1857, No. 10, v. CXIV, pp. 45-46, in St. Petersburg Vedomosti 1857, No. 205 and in Moskovskiye Vedomosti, 1857, No. 115. - "The funeral of the bookseller AF Smirdin. Brief information about his trading and publishing activities. The merits of the deceased as a zealot of national education" ("Russian Invalid" 1857, No. 203).

V. Grekov.

(Polovtsov)

Smirdin, Alexander Filippovich

Renowned bookseller and publisher (1795-1857). At the age of 13, he entered Shiryaev's book trade as a boy; in 1817 he passed to the Petersburg bookseller Plavilshchikov, who soon entrusted him with the management of all his affairs. In 1825 Plavilshchikov died, and his bookstore, together with the library and printing house, was transferred to the Constitutional Court; he expanded trade, moved from Gostiny Dvor to the Blue Bridge, and then to Nevsky Prospect. At this time, S. had already made acquaintances with many writers, and his housewarming was celebrated in the presence of Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Krylov, and others; on the same occasion, the collection "Housewarming" (1833) was published. In 1834, Mr .. S. founded "Bible. For Reading", which, thanks to the generosity of the publisher, who spared no expense, laid the foundation for the so-called "thick" magazines. At the same time, S. published the works of most modern writers, and at the end of the 40s undertook the "Complete Collection of Works of Russian Authors," starting with Lomonosov, Tredyakovsky, etc. S.'s publications were at first popular, but then his affairs were shaken. The main reason for this was S.'s extraordinary generosity: for example, he paid Pushkin a “gold piece” for each line of poetry, and for the poem “Hussar”, published in the “Library for Reading” in 1834, he paid 1200 rubles. S.'s disinterestedness and his credulity when releasing book goods brought him, in the end, to complete ruin: despite the support from the government, which allowed him to set up a lottery to play books, S. was declared an insolvent debtor. After his death, St. Petersburg booksellers published a Collection of Literary Articles dedicated to Russian writers in his memory. In addition to "Bible. For Reading", S. published "Son of the Father.", From 1838, edited by Polevoy and Grech. Of great value is Anastasevich's "Painting on Russian books for reading from A. Smirdin's library" (1828-32).

(Brockhaus)

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