Eugene Onegin reflected the whole life of Russian society at the beginning of the 19th century. However, two centuries later, this work is interesting not only in historical and literary terms, but also in terms of the relevance of the questions that Pushkin posed to the reading public. Everyone, opening the novel, found something of their own in it, empathized with the heroes, noted the ease and mastery of style. And quotes from this work have long become aphorisms, they are pronounced even by those who have not read the book itself.
A.S. Pushkin created this work for about 8 years (1823-1831). The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" began in Chisinau in 1823. It reflected the experience of “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, but the subject of the image was not historical and folklore characters, but modern heroes and the author himself. Also, the poet begins to work in line with realism, gradually abandoning romanticism. During the Mikhailovsky exile, he continued to work on the book, and completed it already during his forced imprisonment in the village of Boldino (Pushkin was detained by cholera). Thus, the creative history of the work has absorbed the most “fertile” years of the creator, when his skill was evolving at a breakneck pace. So his novel reflected everything that he learned during this time, everything that he knew and felt. Perhaps the work owes its depth to this circumstance.
The author himself calls his novel "a collection of variegated chapters", each of the 8 chapters is relatively independent, because the writing of "Eugene Onegin" lasted a long time, and each episode opened a certain stage in Pushkin's life. The book came out in parts, the release of each became an event in the world of literature. The full edition was only published in 1837.
Genre and composition
A.S. Pushkin defined his work as a novel in verse, emphasizing that it is lyric-epic: the plot line, expressed by the love story of the heroes (epic beginning), is adjacent to digressions and author's reflections (lyrical beginning). That is why the genre "Eugene Onegin" is called a "novel".
Eugene Onegin consists of 8 chapters. In the first chapters, readers get to know the central character Eugene, move with him to the village and meet their future friend, Vladimir Lensky. Further, the drama of the narrative increases due to the appearance of the Larin family, especially Tatiana. The sixth chapter is the culmination of the relationship between Lensky and Onegin and the flight of the protagonist. And in the finale of the work, the storyline of Eugene and Tatiana ends.
Lyrical digressions are connected with the narration, but it is also a dialogue with the reader, they emphasize the "free" form, the proximity to intimate conversation. The same factor can explain the incompleteness, openness of the finale of each chapter and the novel as a whole.
About what?
A young, but already disillusioned with life, a nobleman inherits an estate in the village, goes there, hoping to dispel his blues. begins with the fact that he was forced to sit with a sick uncle, who left his family nest to his nephew. However, the village life soon bored the hero, his existence would have become unbearable if not for his acquaintance with the poet Vladimir Lensky. Friends are "ice and fire", but differences did not interfere with friendly relations. will help you figure it out.
Lensky introduces a friend to the Larin family: an old mother, sisters Olga and Tatiana. The poet has long been in love with Olga, a windy coquette. The character of Tatiana, who herself falls in love with Eugene, is much more serious and whole. Her imagination has long drawn a hero, it only remains for someone to appear. The girl suffers, is tormented, writes a romantic letter. Onegin is flattered, but realizes that he cannot respond to such a passionate feeling, therefore he gives a harsh rebuff to the heroine. This circumstance plunges her into depression, she anticipates trouble. And the trouble really came. Onegin decides to take revenge on Lensky because of an accidental spat, but chooses a terrible remedy: flirts with Olga. The poet is offended, challenges yesterday's friend to a duel. But the culprit kills the "slave of honor" and leaves forever. The essence of Eugene Onegin is not even to show all this. The main thing worth paying attention to is the description of Russian life and the psychologism of the characters, which develops under the influence of the depicted atmosphere.
However, the relationship between Tatyana and Eugene is not over. They meet at a social evening, where the hero sees not a naive girl, but a mature woman in full splendor. And he falls in love himself. He is also tormented and writes a message. And he meets the same rebuke. Yes, the beauty has not forgotten anything, but it's too late, she is "given to another":. A failed lover is left with nothing.
The main characters and their characteristics
The characters of Eugene Onegin are not a random selection of characters. This is a miniature of Russian society of that time, where all the known types of noble people are scrupulously listed: the poor landowner Larin, his secular wife, who descended in the village, the sublime and bankrupt poet Lensky, his windy and frivolous passion, etc. All of them represent imperial Russia during its heyday. No less interesting and distinctive. Below are the characteristics of the main characters:
- Eugene Onegin is the main character of the novel. He carries in himself dissatisfaction with life, fatigue from it. Pushkin tells in detail about the environment in which the young man grew up, about how the environment shaped his character. Onegin's upbringing is typical of the nobility of those years: a superficial education aimed at being successful in a decent society. He was not prepared for real business, but exclusively for secular entertainment. Therefore, in my youth I was tired of the empty shine of balls. He has a "soul of direct nobility" (he feels a friendly affection for Lensky, does not deceive Tatiana, using her love). The hero is capable of a deep feeling, but is afraid of losing his freedom. But, despite the nobility, he is an egoist, and narcissism is the basis of all his feelings. The essay contains the most detailed characterization of the character.
- It is very different from Tatyana Larina, this image appears to be ideal: a whole, wise, devoted nature, ready for anything for love. She grew up in a healthy environment, in nature, and not in the light, so real feelings are strong in her: kindness, faith, dignity. The girl loves to read, in the books she has drawn a special, romantic, mysterious image. It was this image that was embodied in Eugene. And Tatiana with all passion, truthfulness and purity gave herself up to this feeling. She did not seduce, did not flirt, but took the liberty of confessing. This brave and honest deed did not find a response in Onegin's heart. He fell in love with her seven years later, when she shone in the light. Glory and wealth did not bring happiness to the woman, she married the unloved, but courtship of Eugene is impossible, family vows are sacred to her. More on this in the essay.
- Tatiana's sister Olga is not of much interest, there is not a single sharp corner in her, everything is round, it's not for nothing that Onegin compares her to the moon. The girl accepts Lensky's courtship. And any other person, because why not accept, she is flirtatious and empty. A huge difference is immediately observed between the Larin sisters. The youngest daughter went to her mother, a windy socialite who was forcibly imprisoned in the village.
- However, the poet Vladimir Lensky fell in love with the flirtatious Olga. Probably because it is easy to fill the void with your own content in dreams. The hero was still burning with a hidden fire, he felt subtly and analyzed little. Moral concepts are high in him, therefore he is alien to the light and is not poisoned by it. If Onegin talked and danced with Olga only out of boredom, then Lensky saw betrayal in this, his former friend became an insidious tempter of a sinless girl. In the maximalist perception of Vladimir, this is at once a break in relations and a duel. The poet lost in it. The author raises the question, what could have awaited the character with a favorable outcome? The conclusion is disappointing: Lensky would have married Olga, would have become an ordinary landowner and vulgarized in routine vegetation. Also you may need.
Topics
- The main theme of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is extensive - it is Russian life. The book shows the life and education in the world, in the capital, village life, customs and occupations, typical and at the same time unique portraits of characters are drawn. Almost two centuries later, the heroes have features inherent in modern people, these images are deeply national.
- The theme of friendship is also reflected in Eugene Onegin. The main character and Vladimir Lensky were in close friendship. But can it be considered real? They met for the occasion, out of boredom. Eugene was sincerely attached to Vladimir, who, with his spiritual fire, warmed the hero's cold heart. However, just as quickly he is ready to offend a friend, flirting with his beloved, who is happy about it. Eugene thinks only of himself, he absolutely does not care about the feelings of other people, so he could not keep a friend.
- Love is also an important theme of the work. Almost all writers talk about it. Pushkin was no exception. True love is expressed in the image of Tatiana. It can develop in spite of everything and remain for life. No one loved or will love Onegin as much as the main character. Having missed this, you remain unhappy for life. In contrast to the sacrificial, all-forgiving feelings of the girl, Onegin's emotions are pride. He was frightened by a timid girl who fell in love for the first time, for the sake of whom it would be necessary to throw the disgusting, but familiar light. But Eugene was subdued by the cold secular beauty, who to visit is already an honor, not just love her.
- The topic of an extra person. The spirit of realism appears in the works of Pushkin. It was the environment that raised Onegin to be so disappointed. It was they who preferred to see superficiality in the nobles, the direction of all their efforts to create secular brilliance. And nothing else is needed. On the contrary, education in folk traditions, the society of ordinary people made the soul healthy, and the whole nature, like Tatyana's.
- Loyalty theme. Tatiana is faithful to her first and strongest love, and Olga is frivolous, changeable and ordinary. Larina's sisters are completely opposite. Olga reflects a typical secular girl, for whom the main thing is herself, the attitude towards her, therefore, you can change if there is a better option. As soon as Onegin said a couple of pleasant words, she forgot about Lensky, whose affection is much stronger. Tatyana's heart is true to Eugene all his life. Even when he trampled on her feelings, she waited a long time and could not find another (again, unlike Olga, who quickly consoled herself after Lensky's death). The heroine had to get married, but in her heart she continued to be faithful to Onegin, although love was no longer possible.
Problems
The problematic in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is very indicative. It reveals not only psychological and social, but also political shortcomings and even whole tragedies of the system. For example, the outdated, but no less creepy, drama of Tatiana's mother is shocking. The woman was given into marriage involuntarily, and she broke down under the onslaught of circumstances, becoming an evil and despotic mistress of the hated estate. But what topical problems he raised
- The main problem that is raised in all realism in general, and by Pushkin in Eugene Onegin in particular, is the destructive influence of secular society on the human soul. A hypocritical and greedy environment poisons the individual. It imposes external requirements of decency: a young man must know a little French, read a little fashionable literature, be decently and expensively dressed, that is, make an impression, seem, and not be. And all the feelings here are also false, they only seem. That is why secular society takes the best from people, it cools the brightest flame with its cold deception.
- Yevgenia's blues is another problematic issue. Why does the main character get depressed? Not only because he was spoiled by society. The main reason is that he does not find an answer to the question: why all this? Why does he live? To go to theaters, balls and parties? The absence of a vector, a direction of movement, an awareness of the meaninglessness of existence - these are the feelings that embrace Onegin. Here we are faced with the eternal problem of the meaning of life, which is so difficult to find.
- The problem of selfishness is reflected in the image of the protagonist. Realizing that no one would love him in a cold and indifferent world, Eugene began to love himself more than anyone else in the world. Therefore, he does not care about Lensky (he only dispels boredom), about Tatyana (she can take away freedom), he thinks only of himself, but for this he is punished: he remains completely alone and is rejected by Tatyana.
Idea
The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel "Eugene Onegin" is to criticize the existing order of life, which condemns more or less outstanding natures to loneliness and death. After all, there is so much potential in Eugene, but there is no case, only secular intrigues. How much spiritual fire is in Vladimir, and besides his death, only vulgarization in a feudal, stifling environment can await him. There is so much spiritual beauty and intelligence in Tatyana, and she can only be the mistress of secular evenings, dress up and have empty conversations.
People who do not think, do not reflect, do not suffer - these are those for whom the existing reality suits. It is a consumer society that lives at the expense of others, which shines at a time when those “others” are vegetating in poverty and filth. The thoughts over which Pushkin pondered deserve attention to this day, remain important and urgent.
Another meaning of Eugene Onegin, which Pushkin laid down in his work, is to show how important it is to preserve individuality and virtue when temptations and fashions are rampant around them, which subdue more than one generation of people. While Eugene was chasing new trends, pretending to be the cold and disappointed hero Byron, Tatiana listened to the voice of her heart and remained true to herself. Therefore, she finds happiness in love, albeit unrequited, and he is only boredom in everything and everyone.
Features of the novel
The novel "Eugene Onegin" is a fundamentally new phenomenon in the literature of the early 19th century. He has a special composition - a "novel in verse", a lyric-epic work of a large volume. In lyrical digressions, the image of the author, his thoughts, feelings and ideas, which he wants to convey to readers, looms.
Pushkin amazes with the lightness, melodiousness of his language. His literary style is devoid of ponderousness, didacticism, the author is able to speak about complex and important things simply and clearly. Of course, much needs to be read between the lines, since the harsh censorship was ruthless to geniuses, but the poet was also not a bastard, so he was able to tell in the elegance of his verse about the socio-political problems of his state, which were successfully hushed up in print. It is important to understand that before Alexander Sergeevich Russian poetry was different, he made a kind of "revolution of the game."
The feature is also in the image system. Eugene Onegin is the first in the gallery of "superfluous people", which contains a huge potential, unable to find embodiment. Tatyana Larina “raised” female images from the place “the main character needs to love someone” to an independent and integral portrait of a Russian woman. Tatiana is one of the first heroines who looks stronger and more significant than the main character, and does not hide in his shadow. This is how the direction of the novel "Eugene Onegin" manifests itself - realism, which more than once will open the topic of an extra person and touch upon the difficult fate of women. By the way, we also described this feature in the essay "".
Realism in the novel "Eugene Onegin"
"Eugene Onegin" commemorates Pushkin's transition to realism. In this novel, the author for the first time raises the topic of man and society. Personality is not perceived separately, it is part of a society that educates, leaves a certain imprint or completely shapes people.
The main characters are typical, but unique at the same time. Eugene is an authentic secular nobleman: disappointed, superficially educated, but at the same time not like those around him - noble, intelligent, observant. Tatiana is an ordinary provincial young lady: she was brought up on French novels, filled with the sweet dreams of these works, but at the same time she is a “Russian soul”, a wise, virtuous, loving, harmonious nature.
It is precisely in the fact that for two centuries readers have seen themselves and their acquaintances in the heroes, it is in the inescapable relevance of the novel that its realistic orientation is expressed.
Criticism
The novel "Eugene Onegin" evoked a great response from readers and critics. According to E.A. Baratynsky: "Each of them interprets in his own way: some praise, others scold and read everything." Contemporaries scolded Pushkin for the "labyrinth of retreats", for the insufficiently spelled out character of the protagonist, for the negligence of the language. The reviewer Faddey Bulgarin, who supported the government and conservative literature, was especially distinguished.
However, V.G. Belinsky, who called it "the encyclopedia of Russian life," a historical work, despite the absence of historical characters. Indeed, a modern lover of fine literature can study Eugene Onegin from this point of view to learn more about the noble society of the early 19th century.
And a century later, the comprehension of the novel in verse continued. YM Lotman saw complexity and paradox in the work. This is not just a collection of quotes familiar from childhood, it is an "organic world". All this proves the relevance of the work and its significance for Russian national culture.
What does it teach?
Pushkin showed the life of young people, how their fate can develop. Of course, fate depends not only on the environment, but also on the heroes themselves, but the influence of society is indisputable. The poet showed the main enemy that amazes young nobles: idleness, aimlessness of existence. The conclusion of Alexander Sergeevich is simple: the creator urges not to limit himself to secular conventions, stupid rules, but to live a full life, guided by moral and spiritual components.
These ideas remain relevant to this day, modern people often face a choice: to live in harmony with themselves or break themselves for some benefit or public recognition. Choosing the second path, chasing illusory dreams, you can lose yourself and with horror find that life is over, and nothing has been done. This is what you need to fear most.
Interesting? Keep it on your wall!Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's work on Eugene Onegin took place in a difficult period for Russia. The novel took eight years to write. During this time, one ruler of the state was replaced by another, the society was in the process of rethinking the key values \u200b\u200bin life, the worldview of the author himself was changing. Hence, it follows that many important moral issues are raised in the work.
First, Pushkin touched on the topic of finding the meaning of human existence. In the novel, we can observe the life of the characters in dynamics, the path of their spiritual development. Some heroes managed to find the truth, to recognize the correct ideals, having gone through trials. Others have followed the wrong path, setting their priorities erroneously, but never realizing it.
The secular society of those times had its own laws. Young people did not seek to make existence meaningful. They were busy with a senseless waste of parental money, an idle lifestyle, balls and entertainment, gradually degrading, corrupting, becoming similar to each other. To deserve recognition among others, it was enough to follow fashion trends, dance well, speak French, be able to communicate gallantly. And that's all.
Secondly, the theme of the relationship to marriage is traced in the work. At first, young people, including Onenin, are burdened by serious relationships, they consider family life boring, unattractive, unpromising. So Eugene neglected the feelings of young Tatiana, choosing freedom, and not the love of a modest provincial.
Only after a lapse of time, a stable relationship became desirable for the main character. He wanted, longed for peace, comfort, warmth, quiet family happiness, home life. However, the opportunities for this were irretrievably lost through his own fault. If Onegin “matured” in time, he could not only become happy himself, but also make romantic Tatiana happy.
Third, there is a theme of friendship in the novel. Secular young people are absolutely incapable of loyal and true friendships. All of them are just friends, maintain communication "from nothing to do." But it makes no sense to expect help in a difficult situation, support, understanding from them. So Lensky and Onegin seemed to be good friends, but because of some stupidity, one killed the other.
Fourth, Pushkin mentions the issue of duty and honor. This topic is fully disclosed by Tatiana Larina. She was, like Eugene, of noble origin, received a superficial education at home. However, the mores of the world did not affect her pure and innocent soul. She is madly in love with Onegin, but puts her duty to her husband, albeit unloved, above all else. Even the hero's passionate tirade did not persuade her to change her decision.
A society mired in lies, hypocrisy, erroneous guidelines cannot find the true meaning of life, and therefore does not value it. Eugene put secular honor above moral duty by killing a romantic friend. Such a shift in ideals looks absurd, but, alas, such is the harsh reality.
History of creation
Pushkin began writing the novel "Eugene Onegin" in 1823 year in Chisinau, during the period of southern exile. The work on the work was mainly completed in 1830 in Boldino. IN 1831 year, the novel included a letter from Onegin to Tatiana. In subsequent years, some changes and additions were made to the text of Eugene Onegin.
Initially, Pushkin did not have a clear plan for the novel. In 1830, preparing the publication of the full text of the work, Pushkin sketched a general plan for the publication. Nine chapters were supposed to be published. However, the eighth chapter, which told about Onegin's wanderings, was significantly shortened and was not included in the final text of the novel (excerpts from it were published separately, in the author's notes to the novel). As a result, the ninth chapter was in place of the eighth. In this way, the final text of the novel has eight chapters.
In addition, there is hypothesiswhat Pushkin wrote tenth chapter, where he spoke about the secret societies of the Decembrists. The poet burned the manuscript of the tenth chapter in 1830 in Boldino. Some of its fragments have come down to us. Until now, scientists argue about whether the tenth chapter existed as such. It is possible that we are dealing with scattered fragments of the draft text of the work that did not constitute a separate chapter.
Time of action
Pushkin wrote: "In our novel the time is calculated according to the calendar." According to the assumption of Yu.M. Lotman, start of events(Onegin goes to the village to see his sick uncle) falls on summer 1820.The first chapter describes the St. Petersburg winter 1819-1820.Many researchers believe that the novel ends in the spring of 1825.However, there is a hypothesis that the last chapter tells about the post-December era.
Subject
The main theme of Eugene Onegin is life of the Russian nobilityin the early 1820s.
In addition, Pushkin recreated in his work the most diverse aspects of the life of Russia at that time. So, he reflected a lifenot only the nobility, but also other estates, primarily the peasantry.
The novel is widely represented russian and Western European literature and culture.
In addition, in his work, Pushkin showed natureRussia, pictures of Russian life... That's why V.G.Belinskynamed "Eugene Onegin" "Encyclopedia of Russian life."
Problematic
The novel's central problem is time hero problem... This problem is raised mainly in connection with the image of Onegin, but also in connection with the images of Lensky and the author himself.
The problem of the hero of time correlates with another problem of the work - with the problem personality and society. What is the reason for Onegin's loneliness in society? What is the reason for the spiritual emptiness of Pushkin's hero: in the imperfection of the surrounding society or in itself?
As the most important in the novel we will call the problem of the Russian national character.This problem is comprehended by the author primarily in connection with the image of Tatiana (a vivid example of the Russian national character), but also in connection with the images of Onegin and Lensky (heroes cut off from national roots).
The novel puts a number of moral and philosophical problems.it meaning of life, freedom and happiness, honor and duty. The most important philosophical problem of the work is human and nature.
In addition, the poet puts in his work and aesthetic problems: life and poetry, author and hero, creative freedom and literary traditions.
Ideological orientation
Eugene Onegin reflects spiritual evolution of Pushkin: crisis of educational ideas (period of southern exile); awareness of the values \u200b\u200bof folk life (the period of exile in Mikhailovskoe); doubts and mental anguish, the struggle between faith and unbelief (the period of wanderings).
Wherein humanistic ideals - personal freedom, “the inner beauty of man” (Belinsky), rejection of cruelty and selfishness - remain the main for the poet in all periods of the creation of the novel.
At the same time, the poet states spiritual values \u200b\u200bassociated with national roots.it closeness of man to nature, adherence to folk traditionsas well as such Christian virtues as selflessness, fidelity to marital duty. These values \u200b\u200bare revealed primarily in the character of Tatiana.
Pushkin the poet states in his novel creative attitude to life.
At the same time, Pushkin's novel was noted and satirical pathos: the poet denounces the conservative noble society, the feudal foundations reigning in it, vulgarity, and spiritual emptiness.
"Eugene Onegin" as a realistic work
"Eugene Onegin" - the first realistic novel in Russian literature.
Pushkin's work distinguishes historicism: here we find a reflection of the era of the first half of the 1820s, the most important trends in the life of the Russian nobility of that time.
In his work, Pushkin showed bright typical characters. In the image of Onegin, Pushkin recreated the type of an educated nobleman, who later received the name "an extra person." In the image of Lensky, the poet captured the type of romantic dreamer, also characteristic of that era.
In the person of Tatiana, we have a type of Russian noblewoman. Olga is a type of an ordinary provincial young lady. In the images of secondary and episodic characters (Tatyana's mother, Larins 'guests, Zaretsky, Tatyana's nanny, Larins' Moscow relatives, Tatyana's husband and others), Pushkin also presented the reader with vivid types of Russian life.
Unlike romantic poems, Eugene Onegin the author is separated from the heroes, he portrays them objectively, from the side. At the same time, the image of the author, for all its importance in the novel, does not have a self-contained meaning.
In Eugene Onegin we find realistic paintings of nature, numerous details of Russian life, which also testifies to the realism of the novel.
Exactly real life (and not abstract romantic ideals) becomes for Pushkin a source of creative inspiration and a subject of poetic reflection. Belinsky wrote: "What was low for the former poets was noble for Pushkin, that for them there was prose, then for him it was poetry."
The novel is written lively spoken language. Pushkin often uses words and expressions of the "low" style in his work, thereby bringing the verbal fabric of the novel closer to the everyday language of his time.
Genre originality
As is known, novel- this is an epic work in which the narrative focuses on the fate of an individual in the process of its formation and development. (In the epic, in contrast to the novel, the fate of an entire people is in the foreground.)
The peculiarity of the genre "Eugene Onegin" is that it is not just a novel, but a novel in verse. The genre definition of the work was given by Pushkin himself in a letter to Prince P.A. Vyazemsky dated November 4, 1823: "I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a devilish difference."
Belinsky was one of the first to characterize the peculiarities of the genre of Pushkin's novel. First, the critic noted the creation of a novel in verse as Pushkin's greatest achievement at a time when there were no significant novels in prose in Russian literature.
Secondly, Belinsky compares Pushkin's novel with Byron's poems, revealing both the related features of the works of the two authors and Pushkin's fundamental innovation.
Belinsky names some byron's traditions in "Eugene Onegin". it poetic form, easy manner of storytelling, "a mixture of prose and poetry", that is, a combination of everyday, prosaic phenomena and lofty objects, digressions, "the presence of the poet's face in the work he created."
At the same time, Belinsky notes innovation Pushkin, which the critic sees in the following. First is national identitypushkin's work. Byron, according to Belinsky, "wrote about Europe for Europe ... Pushkin wrote about Russia for Russia." Secondly, this "Fidelity to reality" Pushkin, a realist poet, as opposed to the "subjective spirit" of Byron, a romantic poet.
Finally, Pushkin's novel features free form... About this feature of his work, Pushkin speaks in a dedication to PA Pletnev: “Take the collection of colorful chapters ...” At the end of Eugene Onegin, the poet mentions “the distance of a free novel”. This form is given to the novel by the unique voice of the author, whose inner world finds free, direct expression in the work. The author's digressions, written in a light, relaxed manner, are combined with strict symmetry in the arrangement of the central characters and the "mirroring" of the plot structure.
Composition: general structure of the piece
As already noted, the final text of the novel consists of eight chapters.
The plot of “Eugene Onegin” is distinguished by “ specularity"Character system - symmetry.
The first and second chapters can be considered as expositionto the main action of the work. In the first chapter, Pushkin introduces the reader to the main character Eugene Onegin, talks about his upbringing, about his life in Petersburg.In the second chapter, the narrative is transferred to the village... This is where the reader is introduced to Lensky, Olga and Tatiana.
The third chapter contains a love affair: Tatiana falls in love with Onegin and writes him a letter. Tatiana's letterto Onegin - compositional center of the third chapter.Fourth chapter, starting rebuffOnegin, contains a story about Tatyana's suffering from unrequited love and about Lensky's idyllic relationship with Olga. The fifth chapter tells about christmas divination, about tatiana's dream,about her name days, about quarrelOnegin with Lensky.
The sixth chapter contains climaxin the development of the plot - a story about duelsOnegin and Lensky. Among the most important events the seventh chapternote tatiana's arrival in Moscow.The eighth chapter contains plot denouement... Here the heroes, in accordance with the principle “ specularity"," Change places ": now Onegin falls in love with Tatiana, writes to her letterand also receives rebuff, after which the author leaves his hero "in a minute that is evil for him."
An important compositional role in Eugene Onegin is played by scenery... Descriptions of nature help the author organize the artistic time of the novel, “calculate” it according to the calendar.
In the composition "Eugene Onegin" a special place is occupied by copyright deviations... Thanks to them, in the reader's perception, a holistic the image of the author.
Pushkin's novel is written the Onegin stanza,which also gives the work harmony, completeness, integrity.
Characters. general review
The main charactersnovel should be called Oneginand Tatiana.
Lensky and Olgaare not among the main characters, but this is also central personsin the work. The fact is that these characters, along with Onegin and Tatiana, perform plot-formingfunction.
An important role in Eugene Onegin is played by authorspeaking sometimes as a characterown work.
TO minor characterslet us include those persons who, while not plot-forming, still play any significant role in the development of the action. it tatiana's mother, Tatiana's nanny, Zaretsky, Tatiana's husband.
We will also call episodic charactersthat appear in separate scenes, episodes, or are only mentioned (for example, guests at the Larins 'birthday, Onegin's servant Guillot, the Frenchman, Olga's ulan, the Larins' fiancé, Moscow relatives of the Larins, representatives of the Petersburg world).
It is difficult to draw a clear line between minor, episodic characters and the persons mentioned.
Onegin
Eugene Onegin–main characterpushkin's novel. In his image, Pushkin strove to recreate the character and spiritual image of his contemporary- a representative of the educated part of the nobility.
Onegin is a young aristocrat who was born and raised in St. Petersburg, a secular dandy.
He is a liberal man, as evidenced by some of the details noted by the author. So, he did not serve anywhere, which was at that time a sign of freethinking; was fond of the theory of Adam Smith; read Byron and other contemporary authors. He made life easier for the peasants on his estate, replacing the "yarom ... old corvee" with a light quitrent. Onegin is the face of Pushkin's circle: he dines with Pushkin's acquaintance Kaverin, compares with Chaadaev, becomes a "good friend" of the author himself, although he does not share his poetic view of the world.
Talking about his hero, Pushkin focuses the reader's attention on some significant contradictions in his worldview and life principles.
Onegin - educated person, well-read, knowing the works of ancient and contemporary authors. However, it onegin's education is divorced from national origins, spiritual traditions. Hence - skepticismhero, his indifference to questions of faith, ultimately - the deepest pessimism, loss of meaning in life.
Pushkin's hero - subtle nature, outstanding... He is distinguished, according to the poet, "inimitable strangeness", "sharp, chilled mind, the ability to understand people. However, the hero drained soul in secular hobbiesand was unable to respond to Tatiana's deep and sincere feeling.
Onegin, in the words of Pushkin, “ good guy ": an honest, decent, noble person.Meanwhile, it is distinguished by extreme egoism, egocentrism,which manifested itself most clearly in the collision with Lensky.
Hero indifferent to secular society, is burdened by being in a secular crowd. However, the hero turns out a slave to public opinionwhich prevents him from avoiding a duel and killing a friend.
All these contradictions in the character and worldview of the hero are revealed during the course of the novel. Onegin passes tests of love and friendship.He can't stand any of them. Lensky dies tragically. At the end of the novel, Tatyana rejects Onegin. She kept in her heart a feeling for the hero, but refused to share his passion.
Consider some artisticmeans of creating the image of Onegin.
Appearance descriptionOnegin does not play any significant role in creating the image of the hero; it only emphasizes his belonging to the fashionable secular youth:
Cut in the latest fashion
Like a dandy of London, dressed ...
A more important role in revealing Onegin's character is played by interior,in particular descriptions of the hero's cabinets in the first and seventh chapters. First descriptioncharacterizes Onegin as secular dandy.Here are some substantive details:
Amber on the tubes of Constantinople,
Porcelain and bronze on the table
And, the feelings of pampered joy,
Perfume in faceted crystal ...
Looks different onegin's country officedescribed in the seventh chapter:
And Lord Byron's portrait
And a column with a cast-iron doll,
Under a hat, with a cloudy brow,
With hands clenched in a cross.
The details of the second description characterize the intellectual and spiritual life of the hero:"A pile of books", "a portrait of Lord Byron", "a column with a cast-iron doll" - a statuette depicting Napoleon. This last detail is extremely important; she recalls such a personality trait of Onegin as individualism.
Descriptions of nature, unlike the interior, are not so important for revealing the character of the hero. Onegin is surrounded by books, things. He is far from nature, does not feel its beauty.
Only in the eighth chapter, the one in love with Tatyana Onegin is able to feel the awakening power of spring, but this is only a moment in the hero's mental life:
Spring lives him: for the first time
Their chambers are locked
Where he hibernated like a marmot,
Double windows, camel
He leaves on a clear morning
Rushing along the Neva in a sleigh.
On blue crushed ice
The sun plays; melts dirty
The streets are covered with snow.
So, in Onegin, typical features of a secular person and uncommon nature are combined.
Onegin is a hero who failed to find the meaning of life and happiness, doomed to an aimless existence. He opens gallery of "extra people"in Russian literature: this is a hero,
Lensky
Vladimir Lensky - one of the central characters novel. It's young a poet-freethinker of a romantic nature. Note that among the opposition-minded noble youth of the first half of the 1820s, there were both cold skeptics, like Onegin, and ardent romantics, like Lensky.
On the one hand, the image of Lensky sets off the image of the main character of the work. On the other hand, it has an independent meaning in the novel.
We learn that Lensky studied at the University of Göttingen, one of the most liberal universities in Europe. The young poet was fond of the ideas of Kant, who was perceived in Russia as a philosopher and freethinker. Lensky's “freedom-loving dreams” are evidenced by his and his love for Schiller's work. The hero received a good education for those times, but it, like Onegin's education, was divorced from national origins.
Lensky is an honest, sincere, noble person, full of good intentions, but extremely emotional and completely incapable of living in the real world.
RomanticLenskyopposed skepticOnegin... The main character of the novel really looks at things, judges them soberly. Lensky is in the clouds. Onegin, according to Belinsky, is "a real character," Lensky is divorced from reality.
It is interesting to compare the characters of Lensky and Tatiana... Heroes are brought together poetrynatures. At the same time, the personality of Tatiana is nourished, according to Pushkin's plan, deep national, folk roots. Lensky, with his German idealism, is alien to Russian reality; his romanticism is not connected with national soil.
Lensky's choice of Olga as an object of worship is not accidental. Outwardly attractive, in reality Olga turns out to be very ordinary. Romantic Lensky idealizes his bride, attributing to her spiritual qualities that are absent in reality.
Lensky's fate- important a link not only in the love affair, but also in the plot of the work as a whole.Lensky's love story for Olga, which ended in a tragic denouement, testifies to the hero's inability to behave soberly and calmly in critical situations. A very insignificant reason pushes Lensky to a duel, to a tragic death. The death of Lensky in the sixth chapter has symbolic meaning.Pushkin shows here the inconsistency of romantic illusions, the lifelessness of ideas divorced from reality. At the same time, Pushkin cherishes the poet's lofty ideals, his service to "glory and freedom."
Creating the image of Lensky, Pushkin uses and portrait details("Curls are black to the shoulders"), and images of nature, moreover romantic:
He fell in love with thick groves,
Solitude, silence,
And the night, and the stars, and the moon ...
An important means of creating the image of Lensky is becoming poems of the hero,deliberately stylized "under romanticism":
Where, where have you gone,
Are my golden days of spring?
So, Pushkin recreated in the image of Lensky the type of an educated nobleman, no less characteristic of the Pushkin era than the type of Onegin's "superfluous person". This is a romantic poet.
Tatyana
Tatiana Larina - main characternovel.
In her image, the poet realistically recreated a wonderful type of noblewoman.The author endowed the heroine with striking features of the Russian national character, showed her in the broad context of the life of Russia in the 1820s. Belinsky saw the "feat of the poet" in the fact that "he was the first to poetically reproduce a Russian woman in the person of Tatiana."
Tatiana combines the typical features characteristic of noble women of the Pushkin era with the features of an outstanding personality. Pushkin notes in Tatyana the features of a gifted nature that distinguish the main character of the novel from her environment. Tatiana is characterized by a lively mind, depth of feelings, poetry of nature. According to the author's remark, Tatiana
... gifted from heaven
With a rebellious imagination,
Alive with mind and will,
And a wayward head
And with a fiery and tender heart.
Like many noble girls, Tatiana was brought up, apparently, by French governesses, hence the knowledge of the French language, passion for novels by Western European authors, which the heroine read in French.
At the same time, life in the countryside, in the bosom of nature, communication with ordinary peasants, especially with a nanny, introduced Tatyana to Russian folk culture. Unlike Onegin, the heroine was not divorced from national origins.
Hence the moral values \u200b\u200bthat were characteristic of Tatiana. it living faith in God(Tatiana "delighted with prayer / Longing for a worried soul"), mercy("Helped the poor"), sincerity,chastity,no doubt about the sanctity of marriage. Moreover, this love for Russian nature, live connection with the people,knowledge of folk customs(“Tatiana believed in the legends of the common people of antiquity”); indifference to social life:"The hateful life of tinsel" does not attract the heroine.
Consider Tatiana's place in the character system of the novel.
In contrastTatiana Olgathe principle of symmetry in the arrangement of the central characters of the work is clearly outlined. Olga's outer beauty hides her ordinary and superficial nature and at the same time sets off Tatiana's inner, spiritual beauty.
Tatyana opposednot only sister Olga, but also mother - Praskovya Larina,an ordinary landowner.
It is also interesting to compare the characters Tatiana and Lensky... The heroes are brought together by the poetry of natures. At the same time, the personality of Tatiana is nourished, according to Pushkin's plan, deep national, folk roots. Lensky, with his German idealism, is alien to Russian reality; his romanticism is not connected with national soil.
It is important for Pushkin to emphasize such a personality trait of Tatyana as national identity.In this regard, a special significance in the character system acquires nanny Tatiana,shading the image of the main character.
Tatiana's personality is most clearly revealed in her correlation with Onegin's personality.The protagonist and the main character of Pushkin's novel are in some ways close to each other, in some ways completely opposite.
Tatiana, like Onegin, is an outstanding personality. The heroes are brought together by the mind, depth and subtlety of the worldview. At the same time, Onegin is cold to the world around him, does not feel its beauty. Tatiana, unlike Onegin, has a love for nature, the ability to feel the beauty of the world around her.
The main thing that distinguishes Tatiana from Onegin is the national roots of her personality, dedication, deep faith in God. Christian spiritual values \u200b\u200bare alien to Onegin. He does not understand Tatiana's views on marriage, family, marital fidelity.
Love story of Tatyana and Oneginis the main storyline of the novel.Final piece - rebuff from Tatyana Onegin- allows the reader to clearly understand the spiritual foundations of the heroine's personality. Tatyana retains in her soul a feeling for Onegin, but loyalty to marital duty is above all for her.
A special role in creating the image of Tatiana is played by pictures of nature: they accompany her throughout the entire action of the work.
Minor and episodic characters. Mentioned persons
As already noted, "Eugene Onegin", according to Belinsky, is "Encyclopedia of Russian life"... Hence the importance of not only the main, but also secondary, as well as episodic characters. They allow the author of "Eugene Onegin" to reflect the most diverse aspects of Russian reality, to show the variety of characters and types of Russian life. In addition, these characters set off the main characters of the novel, allow deeper and more versatile reveal of their characters.
Some minor characters in Eugene Onegin are covered in detail. They are vivid types of Russian life.
For example, Tatiana's mother Praskovya Larina- a typical serf lady. In her youth, she was a sentimental young lady, read novels, was in love with a "glorious dandy." However, having married and retiring to the village, she became an ordinary landowner:
She went to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
I spent expenses, shaved my foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays,
I beat the maids with anger -
All this without asking her husband ...
With images of Praskovya Larina and her late husband Dmitry, only mentioned in the work, is associated with the image of the patriarchal foundations of the provincial nobility:
They kept a peaceful life
The habits of cute old times;
They have fatty carnival
There were Russian pancakes ...
In addition, the images of Tatiana's parents make it possible to better understand the character of the main character. Tatiana, against the background of her parents, Olga's sister, and the entire provincial nobility, looks like an extraordinary person.
Tatiana's nannyis a type of a simple Russian peasant woman. Her image is inspired by the poet's memories of his own nanny Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, a wonderful Russian woman, a talented storyteller.
In the mouth of the nanny, the poet puts a story about the plight of a peasant woman: about early marriage, about a difficult life in a strange family:
“And that's enough, Tanya! These summers
We haven't heard of love
Otherwise I would have driven away from the light
My deceased mother-in-law. " -
"But how did you get married, nanny?" -
“So, apparently, God ordered. My Vanya
I was younger, my light,
And I was thirteen years old.
The matchmaker went for two weeks
To my relatives, and finally
My father blessed me.
I cried bitterly with fear;
They unraveled my braid with a cry
Yes, they took me to church with singing ... "
“Tatiana's conversation with the nanny is a miracle of artistic perfection,” wrote Belinsky.
The image of the nanny sets off the image of Tatiana, emphasizes the national identity of the main character, her connection with folk life.
Plays an important plot role in the work Zaretsky... The surname of this character also evokes a very definite literary association: the reader recalls Griboyedovsky Zagoretsky.
Pushkin characterizes his hero sharply negatively, in sarcastic tones:
Zaretsky, once a brawler,
Ataman of the card gang,
Head rake, tavern tribune,
Now kind and simple
The father of the family is single,
Reliable friend, peaceful landowner
And even an honest man:
This is how our century is being corrected!
From Pushkin's description of Zaretsky, it becomes clear to the reader that this character is the embodiment of dishonesty and meanness. However, it is people like Zaretsky who rule public opinion. Onegin is most afraid of his gossip. In this case, Zaretsky personifies those false ideas about honor, which Onegin ultimately turns out to be hostage to.
At the end of the seventh chapter, for the first time, "some important general" is mentioned - the future tatiana's husband... In the eighth chapter he is named by the author as Prince N. Pushkin does not give any detailed description of the heroine's husband. However, it is clear from her words that this is a deserved person; he is probably even a hero of the war of 1812. It is no coincidence that Tatiana informs Onegin that her husband is “mutilated in battles,” that is, he was seriously wounded in battle.
The antithesis "Tatiana's husband - Onegin" is present in the novel primarily in order to emphasize Tatiana's fidelity to conjugal duty, to the ideals of Christian marriage.
Some persons are mentioned only once in the novel. For example, Pushkin gives the reader some information about onegin's educators:
Evgeny's fate kept:
First Madame followed him
Then Monsieur replaced her ...
The mention of "Madame" and of "Monsieur l'Abbé" testifies to the fact that young aristocratic men were raised in the French manner; their education was cut off from the national soil.
In the first chapter, the poet describes the morning of laboring Petersburg:
What is my Onegin? Half asleep,
He goes to bed from the ball,
And Petersburg is restless
Already awakened by the drum.
A merchant gets up, a peddler walks,
A cabman stretches to the exchange,
Okhtinka is in a hurry with a jug,
Under it, the morning snow crunches.
A pleasant noise woke up in the morning,
Shutters open, chimney smoke
The pillar rises blue
And the baker, neat German,
In a paper cap, more than once
I already opened my vasisdas.
The persons named here ( merchant, peddler, cabman, okhtinka, German baker) are contrasted with idle aristocrats who spend their lives in secular entertainment.
In his work, Pushkin describes the pictures of life peasantry... On the pages of the novel, images of representatives of the people, details of folk life flicker:
Updates the path on the logs;
His horse, smelling the snow,
Weaving at a trot somehow;
Exploding fluffy reins,
The daring wagon flies;
The coachman sits on the beam
In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.
Here is a yard boy running,
Putting a bug in the sled,
Transforming yourself into a horse;
The mischievous finger has already frozen;
It hurts and it's funny
And his mother threatens him through the window ...
Describing guests at Tatyana's birthday, Pushkin creates, according to Yu.M. Lotman, a special type literary background.It includes well-known heroes of Russian literature:
With his burly wife
Fat Trifles arrived;
Gvozdin, excellent master,
Owner of beggar men;
Skotinins, a gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
Thirty to two years old;
County frantik Petushkov,
My cousin brother, Buyanov,
In fluff, in a cap with a visor
(As you, of course, know him),
And a retired adviser Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue
Glutton, bribe-taker and jester.
Really, Gvozdin, "The owner of beggar men," reminds us of Captain Gvozdilov from "Brigadier" Fonvizin. Skotininsrecall the characters of another comedy Fonvizin - "The Minor". Buyanov- the hero of the poem "Dangerous neighbor" by V.L. Pushkin.
One of the characters in the fifth chapter - monsieur Triquet.The surname "Triquet" means "beaten with a stick" in French, that is, a swindler or a small sharper.
The introduction of such a literary background helps Pushkin create a vivid satirical picture of the life of the Russian province.
In the sixth chapter, along with Zaretsky, Onegin's hired servant is mentioned - a French monsieur Guillot.
In the seventh chapter of the novel, Pushkin draws vivid satirical images of representatives moscow nobility... Here are obvious traditions of A.S. Griboyedov.So, the poet tells about the life of relatives and friends of the Larins:
But there is no change in them
Everything in them is on the old sample:
Aunt Princess Helena
The same tulle cap
Everything is whitewashed Lukerya Lvovna,
All the same, Lyubov Petrovna lies,
Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid
Semyon Petrovich is also stingy,
At Pelageya Nikolavna
Still the same friend Monsieur Finmush,
And the same spitz, and the same husband,
And he, all of the club is a member of service,
Still humble, just deaf
And he also eats and drinks for two.
In the eighth chapter of the novel, Pushkin draws a satirical picture of the life of high society.So, he shows a social event:
There was, however, the color of the capital,
And know, and fashion samples,
Faces you meet everywhere
Necessary fools ...
Here's another example:
There was Prolasov, who deserved
Famous for the baseness of the soul
Blunt on all albums
St.-Priest, your pencils ...
On the pages of the novel, many real faces.These are Pushkin's friends Kaverinand Chaadaev... Their mention introduces Onegin into the social circle of Pushkin himself.
On the pages of Eugene Onegin, we meet names of authorsthe most diverse eras - from antiquity to the 1820s.
We are especially interested in references to figures of Russian culture. In the first chapter, in one of the author's digressions, Pushkin tells about the history of Russian theater:
Magic land! There in the old years
Satyrs are the brave lord
Shone Fonvizin, friend of freedom,
And the perceptive Prince;
There Ozerov unwitting tributes
People's tears, applause
I shared with young Semyonova;
There our Katenin resurrected
Corneille is a stately genius;
There he brought out the prickly Shakhovskoy
A noisy swarm of comedies,
There, Didlo was crowned with glory,
There, there, under the canopy of the wings,
My youthful days rushed by.
As you can see, playwrights are named here D.I.Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin, V.A.Ozerov, P.A.Katenin, A.A. Shakhovskoy,tragic actress Ekaterina Semenova, choreographer S. Didlo; a little later the ballerina mentions Avdotya Istomina.
On the pages of "Eugene Onegin" there are names of famous Russian poets. Pushkin recalls G.R. Derzhavin:
Old man Derzhavin noticed us
And, going down into the coffin, he blessed.
The fifth chapter, which tells about Tatyana's dream, is preceded by an epigraph from V.A. Zhukovsky:
Oh, do not know these terrible dreams
You, my Svetlana!
Repeatedly mentioned E.A. Boratynsky- "singer of feasts and languid sadness", "singer of a young Finnish woman." Pushkin addresses the author of wonderful elegies N.M. Yazykov: "So you, Inspired Yazykov ..."
A friend of Pushkin's prince P.A. Vyazemskyhe appears in the novel both as the author of the epigraph to the first chapter (“In a hurry to live, and in a hurry to feel”), and as a character who met Tatyana in the seventh chapter.
The novel also mentions antique authors(eg, Homer, Theocritus, Juvenal, Ovid). Pushkin calls western European writers and poets, politicians... So, Schillerand Goethementioned in connection with the characteristics of Lensky, his "German" education. Richardsonand Russo namedas the authors of novels, which Tatyana was fond of. Byronand Napoleonreflect Onegin's predilections (in his country office there was a portrait of Byron and a statuette of Napoleon).
The pages of the novel are called and fictional persons, among them literary heroesand mythological characters... Many literary characters are mentioned in Eugene Onegin. it Ludmilaand Ruslan, the characters of Pushkin himself. These are the heroes of other authors ( Child Harold, Gyaur, Juan- heroes of Byron, Grandison- the hero of Richardson, Julia- Rousseau's heroine, Griboyedovsky Chatsky,SvetlanaZhukovsky).
Pushkin also names mythological characters. it Venus, Apollo, Terpsichore, Melpomene.
In Tatiana's wonderful dream appear characters of Russian folklore, confirming the fact that "Tatiana believed the legends / Common folk antiquity ..."
All these characters and the real and fictional persons mentioned on the pages of the novel push the spatial and temporal boundaries of the work.
Analysis of individual chapters, episodes and other elements of the composition of the work
First chaptercontains exposition of Onegin's image;here the reader also gets acquainted with the authornovel, all of which takes place in the background paintings of the life of St. Petersburg.
Epigraphthe first chapter is a quote from the poem by P.A. Vyazemsky "The First Snow": "And in a hurry to live, and in a hurry to feel." The epigraph sets the narrative with a cheerful, life-affirming tone.
In the first chapter, Pushkin tells about upbringing, education, reading circle of the protagonist, his interests, lifestyle.Using the example of teaching Onegin, Pushkin shows the peculiarities of the upbringing of secular youth. Educationyoung nobles were at that time mostly home... It was carried out by the governors-frenchand it was divorced from the values \u200b\u200bof Russian national culture.Pushkin writes about Onegin:
Evgeny's fate kept:
First Madame followed him
Then Monsieur replaced her.
The superficial nature of Onegin's education can be judged by those qualities that he needed in secular life... Pushkin ironically writes about his hero:
He is in French perfectly
I could express myself and write,
Easy mazurka danced
And bowed at ease.
What is more to you? The light decided
That he is smart and very nice.
In the first chapter, Pushkin also describes day of the secular young man.First, the author talks about late awakeningOnegin:
He used to be still in bed
They carry notes to him.
What? Invitations? Indeed,
While in the morning dress,
Wearing a wide bolivar
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open,
Until the awake Breget
Dinner won't ring him.
After the walk Onegin dines at Talon's, the owner of a trendy restaurant:
To Talon rushed: he is sure
That there is already waiting for him Kaverin.
After lunch follows theater visit... Pushkin here also notes with irony:
The theater is an evil legislator
Fickle adorer
Charming actresses
Honorary Citizen of the wings,
Onegin flew to the theater.
Onegin ends his day at the ball:
Has entered. The hall is full of people;
The music is tired of thundering;
The crowd is busy with the mazurka;
All around and noise, and tightness ...
Onegin returns home in the morningwhen laborious Petersburg is already getting up to get to work:
What is my Onegin? Half asleep,
He goes to bed from the ball,
And Petersburg is restless
Already awakened by the drum ...
Talking about Onegin, the poet emphasizes emptiness and monotony of high life... Pushkin writes about his hero:
Wakes up at noon, and again
His life is ready until morning,
Monotonous and variegated.
And tomorrow is the same as yesterday.
Last topicnarratives in the first chapter–onegin's acquaintance and friendship with the author.The poet gives a wonderful psychological characterization of the hero, comparing his personality traits and peculiarities of his world outlook with his own view of the world:
The conditions of light overthrowing the burden,
As he, behind the vanity,
I made friends with him at that time.
I liked his features
Unwitting devotion to dreams
Inimitable oddity
And a sharp, chilled mind.
I was embittered, he is gloomy;
We both knew the passion of the game:
The life of both of us was tormented
In both hearts, the heat died away;
Anger awaited both of them
Blind Fortune and People
In the very morning of our days.
In this psychological portrait of Onegin one can see features of Pushkin himself, who was going through a severe mental crisis at the time of writing the first chapter (end of 1823). Meanwhile, the author does not forget to emphasize and “ difference”Between himself and the hero: despite his disillusionment with previous ideals, the author did not lose his poetic outlook on the world, did not change his love for nature, did not abandon his dear poetry. The crisis of 1823-1824 was only a stage in Pushkin's spiritual evolution, and unlike skepticOnegin, the author of the novel, in the deep foundations of his own personality, remains optimist.
In the second chapterthe narration is carried over to the village.Double epigraph - "O rus!" ("O village!")from Horace and "O Rus!" - links the topic village lifewith theme national identity of Russia, reveals the problem of the Russian national characteras one of the leading in the work.
The second chapter introduces the reader to Lensky, Olga and Tatiana.
The sixth stanza gives exposition of the image of Lensky:
To my village at the same time
The new landowner galloped
And the same strict analysis
In the neighborhood gave a reason,
Named Vladimir Lensky,
With a soul straight from Göttingen,
Handsome, in full bloom of years,
Kant's admirer and poet.
He's from foggy Germany
Brought fruits of scholarship:
Freedom dreams
The spirit is fiery and rather strange
Always a rave speech
And black curls up to the shoulders.
Lensky, like Onegin, aroused a feeling of mistrust among the landlord neighbors with his liberal sentiments... The hero's "freedom-loving dreams" were clearly alien to them.
Here, in the second chapter, it is outlined lensky - Olga line, the artistic role of which is to reveal the characters of these heroes and, most importantly, to set off the love story of Tatyana and Onegin.
Finally, the second chapter gives image exposureTatiana... The author draws attention to name« Tatyana", Which at the time of Pushkin, many considered common people. The poet deliberately calls his heroine so:
For the first time with such a name
Tender pages of the novel
We willfully sanctify.
Talking about Tatyana, Pushkin compares his heroine with her sister Olga:
Not her sister's beauty,
Nor the freshness of her ruddy
She would not have attracted the eyes.
In contrast to Tatyana Olga, one can clearly see symmetry principlein the arrangement of the central characters of the work. Olga's outer beauty hides her ordinary and superficial nature and at the same time sets off Tatiana's inner, spiritual beauty.
Here, in the second chapter, Pushkin outlines such character traits of the heroine as dreaminess,love of nature,a penchant for reading novels.
So, Pushkin talks about his heroine:
Thoughtfulness, her friend
From the most lullaby days
Rural leisure flow
Decorated her with dreams.
The poet emphasizes Tatiana's closeness to nature:
She loved on the balcony
She liked novels early;
They replaced everything for her.
She fell in love with deceptions
And Richardson and Russo.
As already noted, the plot of the work is built on the principle "Specularity".Tatiana falls in love with Onegin, writes to him letterand as a result gets rebuff... At the end of the work, the heroes "change places": now Onegin falls in love with Tatiana,writes to her letterand also receives rebuke.
Chapter Threethe novel contains the beginning of a love story.Not by chance epigraphto the third chapter taken from a French author ("Elle était fille, elle était amoureuse" 1, Malfilâtre). Pushkin reminds the reader about the upbringing of the heroine in the French manner, about her reading novels, about the fact that Tatyana's very thoughts about Onegin are inspired by her romantic ideas about literary heroes.
Onegin in the imagination of Tatiana in love appears the hero of the books she read:
Lover of Julia Volmar,
Malek-Adel and de Linard,
And Werther, rebellious martyr,
And the incomparable Grandison,
Which brings us to sleep -
Everything for the gentle dreamer
Put on a single image,
In one Onegin merged.
Tatiana also thinks of herself the heroine of the novel:
Imagining a heroine
Your beloved creators,
Clarice, Julia, Dolphin,
Tatiana in the silence of the woods
Alone with a dangerous book wanders ...
Tatiana's letter–compositional center of the third chapter... According to researchers, for example Yu.M. Lotman, the letter of the heroine is distinguished by a genuine sincerity,sincerity... It is from this letter that we learn about the innermost secrets of Tatyana's soul - abouther sincere faith in God, about the joy of prayer, about compassion for the poor, about lonelinessamong the people around her.
However, the letter contains verbal phrases, gleaned by Pushkin's heroine from readher books... Tatiana, like many of her noble girls of the same age, had little command of written speech in her native language, and chose French to declare her love.
As already noted, tatiana's national identityhighlighted by its nannies... From this point of view, for understanding the character of the main character, such an element of the composition as tatiana's conversation with the nanny,performed, according to Belinsky, a true nationality.
An important episode fourth chapter–onegin's rebuke.Ironicthe author's attitude to this monologue of the hero is already set epigraph: "Lamoraleestdanslanaturedeschoses" 1 (Necker). The meaning of rebukemuch deeper than Onegin's formal explanation of the reasons for refusing to respond to Tatiana's feelings. As we know, Onegin announced to the heroine that he was not worthy of her love, and most importantly, that he was “not created for bliss,” that is, not ready for family life. In part Onegin was sincere: in fact, his soul was shallow, withered in secular intrigues, and an excellent mastery of the "science of tender passion" turned into spiritual emptiness for him. There was, however, another, main reason, which Onegin will recall later, in his own letter to Tatiana: "I did not want to lose my hateful freedom." Selfishness, thinking only about his own freedom kept the hero from taking a decisive step.
Against the background of the spiritual sorrows of the rejected Tatyana, they draw idyllic paintingslensky's courtship of his bride. It seems that nothing portends trouble.
The fifth chapter tells about Christmas fortune-telling, about tatiana's dream,about her name days, about onegin's quarrel with Lensky.
Epigraphfrom VA Zhukovsky's ballad “Svetlana” (“Oh, do not know these terrible dreams / You, my Svetlana!”) immerses the reader in the element of popular beliefs. Svetlana is mentioned more than once in Pushkin's novel, and this is no coincidence. The heroine of Zhukovsky was already perceived by Pushkin's contemporaries as Tatyana's literary predecessor, and her dream as a prototype of Tatyana's dream. Romantic image of Svetlana,created by Pushkin's literary mentor, his older brother in writing, was associated with deep national roots, marked the invasion of the folk-poetic element in Russian poetry. The traditions of Zhukovsky were generously multiplied by Pushkin - in realistic image of Tatiana,associated not only with popular beliefs and legends, but also with the specific historical realities of Russian life in the twenties of the 19th century.
Tatiana's dreamoccupies a special place in the composition of the work. On the one hand, the dream reveals deep folk foundations of Tatyana's character,connection of the heroine's worldview with folk culture.
On the other hand, Tatyana's dream has prophetic meaning: it predicts the tragic events of the sixth chapter.
Scenes of Tatiana's name dayrepresent a wonderful a picture of the mores of the provincial nobility,once again emphasizing such a property of Pushkin's work as encyclopedic.
The fifth chapter contains an important plot twist: it tells about Onegin's courtship of Olga, about Lensky's anger and his decision to challenge Onegin to a duel.
Chapter Sixcontains climax of the plot... It tells about the duel of Onegin and Lensky.Epigraphto the sixth chapter were the words of Petrarch: "La, sottoigiorninubilosiebrevi, / Nasceunagenteacuil'morirnondole" 1.
IN duel situationsis clearly revealed the contradictory nature of Onegin's soul.
On the one hand, Onegin is a “good fellow”, sincerely attached to his young comrade. Onegin appreciates Lenskoye's education, the lofty impulses of youth, and is condescending to his poems.
However, “loving the young man with all my heart”, Onegin cannot suppress the desire to take revenge on Lenskyfor an invitation to a boring holiday to the Larins and courting Olga, which causes the anger of an ardent and impressionable young man. Onegin is also unable to challenge secular prejudices, impressionable; it afraid of public opiniondoes not dare to give up the duel. The result is its inevitability, tragic death of Lenskyand grave onegin's mental anguish.
Onegin's murder of Lensky in a duel - culmination in the development of the plot.This tragic event finally separates Onegin from Tatiana. The hero, torn apart by mental anguish, can no longer remain in the village.
At the same time the duel shows and The "lifelessness" of Lensky's character,the isolation of the hero from reality.
Comprehending the possible future of Lensky (in case he had not died in a duel), Pushkin outlines two paths for his hero. Lensky could become an outstanding poet:
Maybe he is for the good of the world
Or even for glory he was born;
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He fell in love with thick groves,
Solitude, silence,
And the night, and the stars, and the moon ...
She loved on the balcony
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History of creation
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