Before you continue reading about home remedies for dandruff, make sure you actually have it. Most of the girls who visited this page, in fact, just have dry scalp, which is treated with completely different methods. Below are 12 home remedies to help you with dandruff.
1. Rinsing hair with vinegar
Rinsing your hair with vinegar (specifically apple cider vinegar or white vinegar) may sound like a bad idea, but it is a very effective treatment for dandruff because it actually addresses the root of the problem. Simply put, dandruff is the result of scalp cells maturing and dying too quickly, accumulating on the surface. Vinegar removes unwanted dead skin cells that will flake off as dandruff, so it won't clog pores or cause irritation. Overgrowth of fungus can also cause dandruff, and vinegar acts as a fungicide. It is very easy to use, even easier than anti-dandruff shampoo. Just don't rinse your hair with vinegar before a business meeting in a stuffy room or before exercising because of the smell, but it goes away quickly.
You will need…
1/2 cup warm water
-1/2 cup apple cider vinegar or regular edible vinegar
-a cup
Instructions
Wash your hair as usual with shampoo, rinse with water.
Combine warm water and vinegar in a cup. The total amount of liquid can vary, depending on how long and how thick your hair is. Pour the mixture over your head, massage gently into your hair for a few minutes, and then wash off with water (water only!). Perform the procedure once or twice a week when you feel it is necessary.
2. Baking soda - like dandruff shampoo
Baking soda is a healthy item to have in your kitchen at all times. Helps remove dandruff for a variety of reasons. First, it gently exfoliates, ridding the scalp of excess dead skin cells. It also acts as a fungicide, killing the fungus that can cause dandruff if it grows in abundance. In addition, tiny particles of baking soda are helpful in removing dandruff flakes stuck in hair.
You will need…
1 tablespoon baking soda
-1 glass of water
- a few drops of rosemary oil (optional)
Instructions
Mix one tablespoon of baking soda with a cup of warm water. If using an old (clean) shampoo bottle, shake the mixture and apply to the scalp. Otherwise, mix baking soda with water before using. Do the procedure instead of shampooing your hair, if possible daily. You may feel dry hair in the beginning, but natural oil will restore your hair soon and it will be much healthier than with some commercial shampoos. If you feel you should definitely use shampoo, you can add a teaspoon of baking soda to a little shampoo and wash your hair with it. Rosemary oil is optional, but it can help treat dandruff and has a pleasant scent.
3. Fenugreek
Fenugreek (or fenugreek) is a plant commonly used as a spice, especially in Indian cuisine, but it also serves medicinal purposes. Fenugreek seeds have a composition that is rich in protein and amino acids, helps the health and growth of hair, and prevents dandruff. A small bonus is the high concentration of lecithin (a natural emollient), which will make your hair stronger, silkier overall.
You will need…
2 tablespoons fenugreek seeds (you can find them in health food stores)
- container with water
-something for grinding seeds
Instructions
Soak seeds in 1-2 glasses of water overnight. The next morning, rub them into a paste and apply to the scalp. Leave it on for 30-45 minutes, then wash off with a mild shampoo or water.
4. Neem leaves: treat the scalp
Neem leaves (Indian herb) are a great home remedy for dandruff. Its properties not only reduce itching, the leaves also act as an inhibitor of the overgrowth of dandruff caused by the fungus.
You will need…
At least 2 handfuls of neem leaves (can be found in Ayurvedic online stores)
-4-5 cups of hot water
Instructions
Toss two handfuls of neem leaves in 4 or 5 cups of hot water. Let the liquid stand overnight. Strain it the next morning and use it to rinse your hair. You can also try making a paste from the leaves, apply it to your scalp and let sit for about an hour before rinsing off with water.
5. Rinse aid Listerine
Listerine was actually created in 1879 by a Missouri physician and used as a powerful antiseptic in dental surgery. When a doctor sold it to a pharmaceutical company, it expanded its range of action and became the world's first best-selling mouthwash solution. In the 1930s and 40s, one of his original goals was also to combat dandruff. Listerine destroys one of the most common causes of dandruff - excess ... you guessed it, fungus.
You will need…
Listerine mouthwash - (preferably not green or blue as it can stain your hair), available over the counter
-spray bottle (optional)
Instructions
Combine 2 parts water and 1 part Listerine. After shampooing your hair, spray or pour the solution onto your scalp, massage well and leave for 30 minutes, then rinse with water.
6. Sun rays
It is not known exactly why, but there is a relationship between dandruff and sun exposure. There have been many cases where the symptoms of dandruff diminished as the sufferer spent more time in the sun. It is possible that wet winter weather with a lack of sunlight contributes to the growth of dandruff. Maybe the sun's rays help dry some of the excess sebum. Whatever the exact reason, this is something to try and is probably one of the simplest home remedies.
Instructions
Spend at least 10-15 minutes in sunlight every day. Limit time, too much UV rays are harmful to skin, hair and health.
7. Anti-dandruff shampoo with aspirin
Not only can aspirin help with headaches, it is also a great home remedy for dandruff. Pure aspirin contains a high percentage of salicylic acid, which is the active ingredient in many commercial anti-dandruff shampoos. Salicylic acid has fungicidal and antimicrobial properties to fight dandruff caused by the fungus, while aspirin helps with inflamed skin, which often go hand in hand with severe dandruff.
You will need…
2 aspirin tablets
-shampoo
Instructions
Crush the aspirin until it turns into a fine powder. Add to your regular shampoo before using, leave the mixture on hair for 2 minutes, then rinse thoroughly with water.
8. Eat healthy foods
Eating a healthy diet helps in every aspect of your well-being. Every day we learn more and more that diet is vital to our health, so it's no surprise that it has some effect on skin conditions, including dandruff. Of course, extremely fatty foods should be avoided.
Vegetables: Green leafy vegetables, in particular broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, have a positive effect on the health of skin, hair and nails.
Fish fat: Taking fish oil supplements will not cure your dandruff, but it will help reduce the severity of the disease and / or prevent it.
Protein: To minimize dandruff, try eating more protein. Proteins help maintain healthy hair and skin. It is advisable to cook fish, not meat.
9. Benefits of lemons
The acidity of pure, freshly squeezed lemon juice contains acids that can help kill the fungus that often causes dandruff. Natural juice is free from harsh chemicals and other unnatural ingredients that often do more harm than good to our hair and scalp. Plus it leaves you smelling clean and fresh.
You will need…
2 tablespoons and separately 1 teaspoon fresh lemon juice
-1 glass of water
Instructions
Massage 2 tablespoons of lemon juice into the scalp and leave on for a minute. Mix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice with 1 glass of water and rinse your hair with this liquid. Repeat daily until procedure is no longer needed.
10. Use tea tree oil
While excess oil can lead to dandruff, some oils are still helpful in keeping scalp oil in check. Tea tree oil has been used medicinally for centuries. Aboriginal people in Australia broke tea tree leaves (just like we cut aloe) and used them as a topical treatment for burns, cuts, bites, and so on. The oil obtained from these leaves has fungicidal properties and soothes the skin well, especially if there is pain or itching.
You will need…
1 tablespoon tea tree oil
-1 cup of warm water
-spray
Instructions
Pour 1 tablespoon of tea tree oil into 1 cup of warm water, then into a spray bottle. Shake well. After washing your hair, spray the mixture all over the scalp, massage in and leave for a couple of minutes. Blot off excess moisture.
11. Enjoy the aloe
Aloe vera gel helps fight dandruff because its ingredients inhibit the proliferation of skin cells. In other words, a material that slows down cell growth, and dandruff, as we know, is often caused by cells growing and dying too quickly. Aloe will help bring them back to normal.
You will need…
1 bottle of aloe vera gel
Instructions
Apply aloe vera gel to your scalp 15 minutes before washing your hair. After 15 minutes, shampoo your hair as usual.
12. Salt
Salt is a product that we use every day.But did you know that salt can also help get rid of dandruff?These slightly abrasive crystals will work as a natural scrub, removing excess oil and dead skin flakes.Salt is effective because it cleanses the skin before shampooing, so the shampoo unleashes its full potential.
You will need…
3 tablespoons of salt (Epsom salt is better, but regular table salt works well too).
Instructions
Massage gently on dry or slightly moist scalp with 3 tablespoons of salt for 2-3 minutes. PThen use shampoo right away.
It's unpleasant when white grains are visible on beautifully trimmed hair. They fall on your shoulders, make you nervous. Is there a home remedy for dandruff, or is it only expensive shampoos with cosmetics that help? The answer is simple - nature and folk experience will help get rid of annoying white scales on the head.
Versatile home remedies for dandruff and itchy scalp
The fight against itching and dandruff should begin with an examination of the body. Often, a change in the condition of the scalp acts as a consequence of a malfunction of the internal organs, a feeling of stress. Is it possible to remove dandruff, which provokes severe itching, using alternative methods? Using these remedies will help relieve symptoms, relieve and reduce scalp flaking:
- Oils - will soften the separation of scales.
- Citric acid - will have a detrimental effect on the fungus (white bloom).
- Honey is a natural antiseptic.
- A chicken egg is a storehouse of trace elements for the scalp.
- Fermented milk products - act similarly to "lemon", but much softer.
- Plants - nettle, burdock root, burdock - are considered for hair by folk healers No. 1 at home.
- Vodka, which is mixed with hair masks, will increase blood flow to the scalp, enhance root nutrition, speed up the healing process, disinfect, and kill fungus.
Folk remedies for oily dandruff
With metabolic disorders, the state of the hair follicles changes. Strands become greasy, look untidy. Folk remedies for dandruff at home will help, which get rid of excess fat content. The list of assistants with whom you can wash your hair should include:
- Homemade aloe juice - it disinfects the skin, nourishes it with microelements.
- Vinegar - helps to fight the excessive oiliness of hair and skin that provokes the appearance of scales.
- Lemon juice - neutralizes high fat content.
- Kefir in the mask - will make hair elastic, remove white flakes in several applications.
- Oak bark - will share tannins, help fight the cause of dandruff.
Dandruff treatment with folk remedies
Independently, with the help of folk remedies for dandruff at home, you can effectively fight microorganisms, cure hair, scalp. Knowing which components of masks or decoctions are better to mix, you can completely get rid of the fungus. It is important not to harm yourself: test the composition at the bend of the elbow for allergenicity. When using folk remedies, they must take into account the condition of the hair (dry or oily), learn the properties of the components of medicinal mixtures.
The burdock plant looks like a weed, but the medicinal root juice has unique properties. Oil based on it is used in medical practice and in household use very actively. Do not forget that you should not use oil masks for oily hair. Options for using inexpensive burdock oil:
- In its pure form, slightly heated, rub the oil near the hair roots and skin with your fingertips, gently distribute with your hands over all the strands. By doing such manipulations 8-9 times a month, it is easy to completely remove the fungus and get a lasting effect.
- A combination of burdock oil and a couple of cloves of garlic: they need to be turned into gruel. The tool will have a powerful effect, relieve dead dry scales. Rub the oil mass into the base of the hairline, leave for an hour. To prevent a specific smell on the hair, the shampoo can be mixed with drops (2-3) of aromatic oil when rinsing.
- By mixing a large spoonful of burdock oil, one egg yolk, honey (a teaspoon), you can get a very useful mask that will help remove dandruff. Apply it for half an hour in a heated form, rinsing off with warm water and a suitable shampoo.
Dandruff ointment
An effective remedy for getting rid of the problem based on natural products is tar ointment with tea tree oil. After regular use during each shampoo, after 2.5-3 months, there will be an effect. Itching will disappear, white dead skin pieces will disappear. A remedy is applied to clean, wet hair, paying special attention to the roots. After 10-15 minutes, you need to wash off the ointment with cool water.
Dandruff herbs
Natural pharmacy at home for dandruff treatment comes to the rescue. A lot of herbal infusions and decoctions are used. Here are the main, proven recipes for folk remedies with plants:
- Mix the juice squeezed out of the homemade aloe leaf with a little honey and chicken yolk. Apply the mask to the top of the head, rinse off no earlier than after half an hour.
- Prepare a decoction of coltsfoot, nettle, hop cones, chamomile, calendula. Herbs are effective in fighting dandruff. Rinse the hair well with the broth after using the shampoo. You can use a mixed recipe with all the herbs, or take just a few at your discretion.
Folk hair masks
The duration of hair and skin treatment depends on the degree of neglect of the condition. Here are some recipes for masks that are used as home remedies for dandruff:
- Homemade dandruff mask for dry skin. Mix in equal proportions of olive oil with castor oil. Add 1/3 of the total lemon juice. After warming up to room temperature, rub the oil mixture into the base of the hair. Rinse off after half an hour or 40 minutes.
- Half a glass of natural yogurt and a tablespoon of ground black pepper will become a destructive mixture for the fungus, against the background of which peeling white grains appear. The mixture is rubbed into the scalp, after 55-65 minutes, rinse with warm water using conventional means (the usual shampoo).
- After mixing the baking soda and the shampoo you are using to a thin slurry, use it as a regular detergent. The baking soda will permanently destroy the fungal layers on the skin and help remove adhering white scales from the hair.
- Ginger root will not only help treat dandruff thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, but when combined with essential oils, it will increase blood flow, which will speed up hair growth. Chop a piece of fresh root. Squeeze the juice through cheesecloth and add olive oil, sesame or milk thistle. Apply to the top of the head for half an hour. Using a mild shampoo, wash off.
Dandruff is a fairly common cosmetic problem. There are many reasons for its occurrence. This can be stress, poor-quality scalp care, unhealthy diet, etc. Often, the causes of the appearance of white flakes can be disruptions in the metabolic processes of the body. Because of them, the action of the sebaceous glands is activated. This leads to severe flaking of the skin and thinning of the hair. To get rid of this ailment, you can use various traditional medicine and cosmetic preparations.
Excessive exfoliation of skin particles occurs in 45% of the inhabitants of our planet. Although this disease is not dangerous, it brings quite a lot of discomfort. But, if you do not start to treat this problem in time, then over time there is a risk of baldness, dermatitis and even fungal infection.
Experts attribute the appearance of dandruff to dryness of the scalp. But, the death of skin particles can be a symptom of a more serious problem. Although there is such a risk, dandruff is usually an independent disease that can be treated with cosmetic procedures. Most of which can be done at home.
IMPORTANT: Not so long ago, experts at the Johns Hopkins Institute named the fungus Pityrosporum ovale as one of the possible causes of dandruff. This microorganism is constantly present on the scalp and does not pose a danger. But, under stress, excessive use of cosmetics and poor nutrition, the fungus activates its activity and causes changes in the epidermis.
How to get rid of dandruff at home for good?
Almost every representative of hair detergents offers special anti-dandruff shampoos. Some of them are aimed at combating microorganisms causing the problem, others are already acting on its consequences. They remove white flakes from the hair.
To get rid of dandruff, you can use specially designed remedies to eliminate the fungus that causes the development of the above problem. Such products are more expensive than shampoos, but their effectiveness is beyond doubt.
IMPORTANT: These drugs include "Klimabazol". This antifungal agent can be used alone or as a component of medicated shampoos and special hair cosmetics. "Klimabazol" is especially indicated for dandruff, which appears only at certain times of the year.
Homemade masks for oily dandruff
This kind of white cereal can be beaten with fresh fruits and vegetables. They can be used to make masks that have a healing effect on the skin. Strawberries, currants, apples, pumpkins and cucumbers are especially good at this. These products can be used as a base for masks both independently and together.
Fruit and vegetable masks are prepared in various ways: the ingredients are grated, ground in a blender, squeezed out and rubbed into the skin.
This type of dandruff is well treated with radish juice. It is rubbed into the skin and kept for an hour. After that, you can wash your hair with a regular shampoo for oily hair.
Dry mustard powder helps to get rid of oily dandruff. It (1 tbsp. Spoon) is diluted with a small amount of warm water. The mustard paste obtained in this way is diluted with lemon juice (3 tablespoons). After mixing this agent until smooth, it is applied to the scalp. For greater effect, wrap your head with plastic and a towel. Wash off such a mask no later than 10-12 minutes after application.
IMPORTANT: Mustard can have a positive effect on the structure of the skin. But, sometimes it can cause discomfort in the form of a burning sensation. If after a few minutes the skin begins to burn badly, the mustard should be washed off immediately.
A mixture of three tablespoons of natural yogurt, half a teaspoon of salt and two tablespoons of lemon juice will help to cope well with this type of dandruff. You need to keep such a mask for 20-25 minutes.
Homemade dry dandruff masks
You can get rid of this type of dandruff with masks based on herbs or plant sap. In this case, it helps well. burdock mask... To prepare it, you need to mix burdock oil (1 teaspoon), the juice of half a lemon and yolks (2 pcs.). The ingredients must be thoroughly mixed and rubbed into the skin. Then you need to cover your hair with cellophane and a towel. Rinse off the mask after 45-60 minutes.
Copes very well with dry dandruff mask with aloe juice... To prepare it, you need to mix honey (1 teaspoon) and yolk. Then you need to pour aloe (1 tbsp) and castor oil (1 tsp) into the product. Stir the ingredients until smooth and apply to the hair. It is best to use this mask in the morning for 10-15 days. Re-use of the mask with aloe juice is possible 2 months after the first course.
Another great remedy for getting rid of such a problem is decoction of nettle... For its preparation, take the leaves of this medicinal plant (2 tablespoons) and pour boiling water (1 glass). In the cooled broth, add the yolk, burdock oil (2 tablespoons) and vodka (2 tablespoons). The ingredients must be mixed until smooth and applied to the hair. Wash off this mask 30 minutes after application.
A nettle mask is most effective when used at least once a week.
Dandruff onions at home
Onions are a universal cosmetic The active substances from common onions are well able to cope with the dandruff-causing fungus. The juice of this natural product can be mixed with vodka in equal proportions and rinsed with it. For dry hair, add a few drops of castor oil to the rinse.
Onions are very helpful when rubbed into the skin. But, if you have it very sensitive, then such a procedure can cause burns. Therefore, you need to be very careful when using onions to combat dandruff.
To get rid of white flakes, you can use your own onion-based lotion. To do this, you need onion peel (25 gr.), Crushed cloves, castor oil (3 teaspoons) and vodka (200 ml). All ingredients must be placed in a tightly closed jar and left for 2 weeks. This lotion should be rubbed into the scalp.
Homemade dandruff scrub
Probably everyone knows about the existence of face and body scrubs. But, for the first time, many will learn about the existence of such a remedy for the scalp. Although its effectiveness in the fight against dandruff has been proven by many. With the help of such a scrub, you can cleanse the skin of keratinized particles. Removing them will help your skin breathe. Due to this, recovery processes are activated in the cells.
This homemade scrub can be used no more than once every two weeks. Salt and sugar are usually used as an abrasive base for such products. Unlike ground coffee, rice, oatmeal and other body scrub ingredients, sugar and salt dissolve in water. This means they will not be able to get stuck in their hair.
IMPORTANT: As a base for dandruff hair scrubs, you can use not only ordinary white sugar, but also brown - cane sugar. As for salt, it is better to take iodized or sea salt for the preparation of such a remedy. Salt is healthier than sugar for the scalp (especially sea salt), but it has a drying effect.
As for the additional components of the hair scrub, essential or base oils, yogurt and other fermented milk products, herbal decoctions, egg yolks, honey and fruit pulp can be used as them.
- A good hair scrub can be made from blue clay(50 g). Dilute it in water and add ½ teaspoon of chopped sea salt. Stir the mass until smooth and apply to damp, slightly dried hair. Apply the scrub to the scalp with light massage movements. Wash off the remnants of such a product with warm water.
- You can mix 1/2 cup sea salt to make a moisturizing scalp scrub with aloe juice... A few drops of olive oil will increase the benefits of this product. After applying the scrub, you can achieve not only an improvement in the structure of the skin, but also the hair. They will become shiny and obedient
The benefits of baking soda for dandruff
Another useful product for dandruff treatment is baking soda. It also has an exfoliating effect like salt. But, its main merit is that soda is able to kill the fungus that causes the formation of white flakes.
To prepare a soda-based dandruff remedy, you need to take one glass of this product, a glass of water and a few drops of rosemary oil. After mixing the ingredients, apply the product to the hair instead of shampoo. If possible, baking hair should be treated with baking soda daily until the dandruff disappears.
How to use vinegar to treat dandruff?
Vinegar is a unique natural product that is used in many homemade cosmetics. You can also use it to fight dandruff. Vinegar is free of allergens and environmentally friendly.
IMPORTANT: With all the advantages of vinegar, this substance has one significant drawback - a pungent odor. Therefore, when using this product, you need to be ready for this. Moreover, to get rid of dandruff, a course of 2-3 months is required.
To prepare a vinegar-based dandruff remedy, dilute this product with an equal amount of water. Apply this product to your hair after you have washed it. You don't need to rinse off the diluted vinegar. It is necessary to wait until it is completely dry.
You can use vinegar before washing your hair. To do this, it is also diluted with water and applied to dry hair. Then they are wrapped in polyethylene and a towel. Rinse off the vinegar after 30-45 minutes.
Use vinegar to get rid of white flakes 2-3 times a week for 1-2 months.
Homemade egg dandruff mask
Yolk as the basis of nutritional masks The yolk contains many nutrients that are beneficial for the scalp. Many of them improve its structure at the cellular level. In addition, these substances can improve not only the skin but also the hair.
The recipe for a honey and egg mask. Mix honey (2 tsp), yolk, mayonnaise (1 tbsp), aloe juice (1 tsp) and sunflower oil (2 tsp) until smooth. The resulting mixture must be applied to the hair. Then you need to wrap your head with a towel. In order not to get it dirty in this tool, you can use polyethylene. Wash off the mask after 30 minutes with cool water.
The recipe for an egg and lemon mask. Another remedy that includes two yolks and castor oil (a few drops). For greater effect, you can add burdock oil (a few drops) and the juice of half a lemon to it. Apply the mask with massaging movements from the ends of the hair to their roots. You need to use such a tool once every 7-8 days. Course: 2-3 months.
Dandruff clay, benefits
Blue clay Clay is a unique natural component of many cosmetics. Clay can also be used to combat dandruff. It improves the structure of the skin and strengthens the hair. Clay prevents hair loss and makes hair more manageable.
IMPORTANT: Due to its medicinal properties and rich mineral composition, clay has long been used in folk medicine. It glides on easily and smells great. Today you can buy clay at any pharmacy. To eliminate the problem described, blue clay is most often used.
- When using clay to remove dandruff, it is important to prepare the mortar immediately before use. You cannot leave it for storage. In this case, clay will lose its effectiveness.
- You need to mix the components of clay-based hair masks in a ceramic bowl. Clay dissolves best in warm water. For the preparation of masks, dry clay must be diluted with water to a state of sour cream
- Clay masks should be applied to the hair evenly along the entire length of the curls. Then they need to be covered with a plastic cap and a towel. Clay masks are usually washed off 30 minutes after application.
- Clay mask recipe for oily skin. Dissolve the clay in water and add lemon juice (1 teaspoon) or apple cider vinegar. You can also add grated garlic to such a product (3 cloves)
Home Remedies to Help Fight Dandruff: Tips & Reviews
Kristina. I use the proven Keto Plus shampoo. It cleanses the skin not only of dead scales, but also kills the fungus that is "responsible" for the spread of dandruff. And all these folk remedies do not help me personally. Rather, they help, but not completely. After a while, the problem comes back.
Olga. The best remedy for white flakes is kefir. I put it on my hair and wash it off after 15-20 minutes. Of course, he cannot help get rid of this problem once and for all. But, if she comes back, I will use kefir again.
Video. Super easy and effective dandruff remedy
Dandruff is not just a cosmetic problem, but a signal that a malfunction has occurred in the body. You can get rid of white scales with the help of special shampoos. Or seek help from folk methods by preparing a remedy for dandruff. At home, treatment will be no less effective if you first visit a trichologist and find out the etiology of the disease.
Why does dandruff appear?
One of the enemies of beautiful hair is dandruff, the causes of which can be very diverse. It can be recognized by its light gray scales, which are mainly located at the hair roots. Such a flaw will not give anyone self-confidence! Do not rush to a cosmetic store and buy advertised products that promise to get rid of dandruff. First you need to understand the reasons that led to the deterioration of the scalp.
The main culprit for the appearance of scales is the Pityrosporum ovale fungus, which can be infected with non-compliance with hygiene rules and using other people's combs, hair brushes, and hats. At first, the pest does not make itself felt, but after a few weeks, itching of the scalp appears, the hair grows dull and falls out. It's time to contact a specialist! Further development of the fungus will lead to a deterioration in the condition of the curls, and self-medication may not give the desired result.
The reasons for the appearance of an aesthetic problem also include frequent stress, improper diet (excessive consumption of fatty, sweet), improperly selected hair cosmetics, hormonal disorders, and a lack of vitamins.
Types of dandruff
There are several types of dandruff, depending on the work of the sebaceous glands. Dry dandruff (or dry seborrhea) occurs on dry scalp. White scales cover the skin and spread along the length of the hair. The cause is insufficient sebum production. Treatment for this type of dandruff should begin with a visit to a dermatologist or trichologist.
Oily dandruff is characteristic of combination and oily hair. Sebum glues the exfoliated particles of the epidermis together. The formed flakes adhere tightly to the hair and skin, which causes itching and redness. The curls from this grow fat faster, and frequent shampooing only worsens the situation. The scalp is covered with a kind of crust, which blocks the access of oxygen to the hair follicles, and they die off over time.
How to treat?
Not in every case it will be possible to get rid of an unpleasant problem with the help of shampoos alone. Dandruff treatment is a fairly long process that will require effort and the right approach. First of all, you need to visit a specialist and pass an analysis (scraping) to determine the type of fungus that affects the scalp and scalp.
The doctor will also look for other possible causes of the appearance of scales and select a suitable remedy for dandruff. At home, you can make masks and herbal decoctions for rinsing your hair.
Sulsena paste: general description
An effective remedy is Sulsen paste for dandruff. It not only cleans the surface of the head and hair from annoying white "snow", but also fights the root cause of the disease. Selenium disulfide is a component responsible for the elimination of fungus. The substances in the paste are able to correct the work of the sebaceous glands, eliminate itching, stimulate the growth of hair follicles, improve the appearance of curls, and restore shine and a healthy look to the hair.
How to use the product?
For scalp treatment it is necessary to purchase 2% Sulsena paste. If only prevention is needed, then it is better to use a 1% remedy. Apply it only to clean, pre-washed hair with shampoo. A small amount of the paste must be rubbed into the scalp. The smell of the product is peculiar, reminiscent of sulfur, and not everyone may like it, but for the sake of a healthy look of curls, you should be patient. After 15 minutes, rinse your hair well with warm water.
For treatment purposes, the paste is used twice a week for 3 months. Even if the dandruff disappears after a few weeks, the course cannot be interrupted. It should be borne in mind that during pregnancy and lactation, the product must not be used.
Shampoos for dandruff treatment
Many cosmetic brands offer their products to combat the increased formation of corneous particles of the epidermis. Perhaps they will eliminate the white flakes after shampooing, but after a few days the disease will remind of itself, because the fungus cannot be treated with ordinary shampoo. You only need a remedy with certain components in the composition.
You can buy it at the pharmacy, but first you need to ask your doctor what action the remedy should have. They can be of the following types:
- Exfoliating - this shampoo has a scrubbing effect and gently removes scales from the skin's surface.
- Antifungal - the composition contains substances (most often it is ketoconazole) that can fight precisely the cause of the disease - the fungus.
- Antibacterial - contain components that prevent dandruff and increased sebaceous glands.
- Herbal - extracts of medicinal plants help to eliminate dandruff, normalize the condition of the epidermis and improve the appearance of curls.
An anti-dandruff remedy can also be of a combined type. It is necessary to purchase medicinal shampoos at the pharmacy, where additional advice can be obtained from a consultant.
Choosing a shampoo
The most convenient to use is anti-dandruff shampoo. An effective dermatological agent must necessarily contain tar, sulfur, ichthyol, salicylic acid, selenium disulfide, zinc or ketoconazole. Herbal shampoos are composed of herbal extracts and essential oils. There should not be any fragrances in this type of remedy!
When choosing a shampoo, you should pay attention to its properties. The remedy should fight the fungus, regulate the work of the glands, eliminate increased fat content and dandruff. The reasons for the appearance of white scales are also taken into account. Until a complete cure, it is recommended not to use ordinary cosmetic shampoos and balms, which, by the way, could provoke the development of seborrhea.
If the cause of dandruff is a fungal infection, then herbal shampoo may not always cope with this problem. For treatment, you must purchase a ketoconazole-based product at the pharmacy. Hair should be washed at least 3 times a week.
Effective shampoos: an overview
The following shampoos have proven to be effective in treating the scalp and getting rid of dandruff:
- "Dermazole" - contains ketoconazole (20 mg in 1 ml of the product), which can eliminate the root cause of the appearance of scales. Zinc pyrithione helps to eliminate bacterial infections on the surface and deeper layers of the dermis. Aloe vera extract will help improve the appearance of curls. It is recommended to use the shampoo to treat seborrhea and eliminate dandruff 2 times a week. A 100 ml bottle will last for several months, after which you can switch to regular shampoo.
- Nizoral, a ketoconazole-based therapeutic shampoo, has established itself as an excellent remedy for getting rid of scalp fungus and dandruff. A significant advantage of using this product is the possibility of combining it with a cosmetic shampoo.
- "Sebozol" - has both antifungal and antimicrobial effects. The domestic manufacturer positions it as an affordable analogue of the popular but expensive Nizoral. The product has already won many positive reviews. The shampoo can be used to treat fungus, pityriasis, dermatitis, seborrhea. Has an agent and exfoliating properties. According to reviews, "Sebozol" coped with the task, even in cases where expensive dandruff shampoos did not bring results.
Traditional methods of getting rid of dandruff
A home remedy for dandruff can be prepared from available, and most importantly, harmless components. For example, lemon juice can help get rid of oily dandruff. It must be added to the water with which the hair will be rinsed after washing. You can make a decoction of lemon peel yourself. For this, the peel from 4 citrus fruits is poured with 1 liter of water, heated over a fire and allowed to boil for 20 minutes. Rinse your hair with cooled lemon water. Lemon has antimicrobial properties and reduces the production of sebum.
Apple cider vinegar will not only help cleanse pesky white particles from the skin, but it will also give your hair a shine and softness. You can use a store product, but only of good quality. The vinegar is diluted with water in equal proportions, and the resulting mixture is rubbed into the scalp using a cotton pad. After an hour, the hair should be rinsed with a regular shampoo (preferably on a natural basis).
Nettle, which contains a huge amount of vitamins and essential oils, also has a healing effect. It is used to prepare infusions for rinsing curls or vinegar.
Rubbing olive oil into hair roots can get rid of dandruff and restore strength, shine and silkiness to curls. Lemon juice, which is mixed with oil in equal proportions, will help to double the effect.
Aloe is a faithful assistant in the fight against various diseases, including dandruff. The juice of this medicinal plant can be rubbed into the skin and left for half an hour, wrapping the head with a film and a towel. Aloe is a powerful natural antiseptic that creates a protective film on the surface of the dermis. At home, they prepare a shampoo based on aloe juice, which can eliminate dandruff.
What if the white scales reappear? It is necessary to conduct an audit of cosmetics that are used to care for curls. Most likely, the components of shampoos or balms are not suitable for the scalp. You can find out by passing an allergy test.
Dandruff soap
Alkaline ingredients in ordinary laundry soap are good at removing dirt and grease from every hair and scalp. In addition, pathogenic microflora and fungus are destroyed. This is the most readily available dandruff remedy. At home, just washing your hair with soap is undesirable, so as not to dry your hair. It is necessary to prepare a soapy solution in advance, with which the curls are simply rinsed. A soap shavings mask will help eliminate itching.
It should be borne in mind that this method does not help everyone, and in some cases the amount of dandruff can only increase.
Essential oils to fight dandruff
An unpleasant defect such as dandruff can be eliminated with essential oils. They have anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects, which have a positive effect on the epidermis. To solve the problem, several types of valuable oily liquid are used at once.
Tea tree oil has a negative effect on the fungus that affects the scalp. It is a disinfectant that can also relieve inflammation and itching. It should be borne in mind that it is better not to use oil for dandruff in its pure form. It is recommended to add a few drops to homemade masks and hair shampoos. In parallel, you can use essential oils of rosemary, eucalyptus, juniper or ylang-ylang.
Burdock oil will get rid of dandruff!
Burdock oil is a faithful helper for hair and skin. It is hard to doubt its effectiveness, because a huge number of positive reviews from consumers confirm the healing properties of the product. An anti-dandruff mask prepared on its basis will not only remove the white "snow", but also return a healthy shine to the hair. As you know, burdock oil also effectively fights hair loss.
For scalp renewal, dandruff removal and hair strengthening, sea buckthorn oil is best suited. It is often paired with olive and linseed masks.
Homemade mask recipes
You can eliminate oily dandruff with a nettle-based mask. To do this, boil 2 tablespoons of dry herb for 10 minutes, then squeeze the gruel and apply to the scalp. For the best action, you need to wrap your head in a towel. Wash off such a mask after 2 hours.
An anti-dandruff mask based on onions, honey and olive oil has not lost its relevance for many years. To prepare it, you need to make onion gruel and add honey to it (4: 1). After mixing the ingredients well, add 1 tsp. olive oil. Apply the mass for half an hour.
A kefir mask gives a good effect. The fermented milk product just needs to be applied to the scalp. Put on a plastic cap and wrap with a towel. You won't have to walk with such a mask for a long time - after half an hour, you need to rinse your hair thoroughly.
Dandruff is a common cosmetic problem that often occurs after prolonged stress, prolonged inadequate nutrition and the use of low-quality hair care products. The increased work of the sebaceous glands causes thinning and hair loss, disrupting the important processes of exfoliation and cell renewal. In order to quickly get rid of this ailment, you can use various means.
To get rid of dandruff, traditional medicine always recommends using a unique tar or laundry soap. However, you should not abuse such products, since they contain a lot of alkali, which is not harmless to hair. Trichologists are sure that the structure of the hair suffers greatly after exposure to soap.
Laundry soap for dandruff... This product is based on saturated fatty acids, which perfectly envelop each hair, nourish and moisturize. Laundry soap is believed to help quickly get rid of dandruff and repair damaged and dry hair. To prevent your hair from looking dry, you should wash your hair with laundry soap no more than once a week. In this case, you need to wash your hair not with the soap itself, but with a previously prepared soap solution. As a preventive measure, in the future, such soap can be used once every three weeks.
Tar soap for dandruff... This proven remedy does not cause allergic reactions and promotes healing of small cracks in the scalp. It is very effective in getting rid of dandruff due to its high content of unique natural ingredients. You should wet your hair well, apply tar soap to the roots, and then lather along the entire length of the hair. Be sure to wash it off after a couple of minutes. After using this soap, it is recommended to apply a balm or a nourishing mask. After two weeks of regular use, dandruff will gradually disappear from the scalp.
Anti-dandruff oil
In addition to modern shampoos and lotions, you can use various oils to fight dandruff. These natural remedies will help you quickly get rid of the snow-white dead skin flakes.
Burr oil . It is a fairly popular remedy that is incredibly effective in treating dandruff. Burdock is a wonderful plant found almost everywhere. Ordinary burdock oil can be purchased at any pharmacy. To achieve good results in the fight against dandruff, it is recommended to apply masks for three weeks. It can be mentioned that burdock oil is not permissible for use on oily hair, as it will look unkempt and dirty.
This product should always be rubbed into the scalp with just your hands or with a brush specially designed for hair. Then a hat or a regular plastic bag must be put on, and on top we wrap the head with a suitable towel. After half an hour, burdock oil can be washed off the hair with any suitable shampoo. The oil should weigh down the hair slightly.
After such a course of treatment, the hairstyle will look shiny, the hair will become incredibly strong and healthy, and there will be absolutely no trace of dandruff. The course of treatment with burdock oil can be repeated after a short break to achieve a lasting effect.
Essential oil. Excessive flaking of the epithelium on the scalp will help normalize any essential oil. The most commonly used anti-dandruff remedies are essential oils based on cypress, geranium, ylang ylang, rosemary and hops. It is enough to add just 2-4 drops of this product to your shampoo or rinse to make the hair soft and shiny, and the snow-white dandruff flakes disappear.
You can also apply a few drops of any scented essential oil to your fingers and rub your scalp after washing your hair. In addition to improving the scalp, the oil perfectly stimulates human hair growth.
Tea tree oil... The naturalness of this delicious oil guarantees an effect in treating dandruff caused by fungus. The various terpienols found in this product have an extremely negative effect on. Tea tree oil is also often used to treat typical oily seborrhea.
When using, mix a few drops of oil with a one-time dose of shampoo, leave it on the hair for about 10 minutes, then rinse. To significantly enhance the effect, it is recommended to stir the tea tree oil into a rinse or hair balm. With regular use, dandruff will disappear in 1-2 weeks.
Castor oil... It perfectly nourishes the scalp, strengthens the hair and helps to fight the manifestations of seborrhea. This oil should be applied to the skin and rubbed lightly. This procedure is recommended to be carried out approximately half an hour before washing your hair. It is castor oil that relieves dry scalp, eliminates and prevents flaking. It can be used in combination with other modern pharmaceuticals.
Nourishing masks based on castor and olive oils will help to give your hair a healthy shine and incomparable silkiness. You can also use a mixture of castor oil and calendula tincture to achieve soft hair.
Olive oil . Such a unique remedy will help protect the scalp from severe flaking and drying out, which will prevent dandruff. You can do a daily head massage with good olive oil. After this massage, you can wrap your head with a simple waffle towel and leave it for 30 minutes. Olive oil has a beneficial effect on hair health, perfectly protecting the skin from dandruff. It can also be used as a prophylaxis against seborrheic.
Alternatively, you can purchase a special medicated shampoo that contains olive oil. With frequent use, this natural remedy will make your hair shiny and beautiful.
Lavender oil. For a long time, our grandmothers used a unique oil to make their hair look chic. The many beneficial properties of this product are unique in getting rid of dandruff. It is used in many cosmetics designed to stimulate hair growth and shine.
It should also be noted that lavender oil significantly reduces hair breakage and prevents severe hair loss. Due to its anti-infectious and wound-healing properties, long-term rubbing of the oil will help get rid of white dead scales - dandruff. It is recommended to mix it with shampoo for prophylactic purposes. Three drops are enough for a cap of shampoo. For seborrheic dermatitis, lavender oil can be left on your hair overnight.
Coconut oil . The main advantages of using such a wonderful agent are the presence of a large amount of medium chain triglycerides. They have an antibacterial effect on hair and stimulate growth. Coconut oil is effective not only in treating dandruff but also in numerous skin infections. It is able to penetrate deep into the hair follicle, restoring strength and shine.
The oil is excellent for combating premature dryness and brittle hair. By eliminating dandruff, such a remedy prevents the occurrence of gray hair. In addition, this oil is often used to get rid of lice. Daily use of shampoos with coconut oil is an excellent preventive and protective agent against severe dandruff and hair thinning.
In case of excessive dryness, coconut oil is applied to the scalp with light massaging movements. You can also mix the oil with lemon juice in equal proportions so that dandruff does not reappear.
Linseed oil. Unlike other oils, flaxseed oil is able to quickly normalize the removal of dead skin cells from the scalp. It is well absorbed, and most importantly, it is easily washed off.
When treating dry type dandruff, it is recommended to first warm up this excellent remedy and then rub it into the hair roots with gentle massage movements and leave it for 20 minutes. This procedure must be repeated 3 times a week and preferably for a whole month. The oil is washed off with non-hot running water using a suitable shampoo. For prevention, the course of treatment can be repeated after a month and a half.
For skin cells to regenerate faster, linseed oil must be mixed with castor or burdock oil.
Sea buckthorn oil... Such a product is considered to be a very useful remedy for maintaining the beauty of hair. Along with stimulating hair growth and strengthening, the oil prevents dandruff. It has powerful regenerative properties and helps to renew the skin and remove dead skin scales.
Combined with plain olive oil, the valuable sea buckthorn oil gives good results. You should take one part of sea buckthorn and mix with 6 parts of olive oil. Apply the resulting mixture in the form of a light mask on the hair and then leave it on for about 40 minutes, and then rinse it off. The procedure must be repeated twice a week for two months. After such regular use, your hair will become fantastically shiny and manageable, and dandruff will disappear forever even without expensive medicated shampoos.
Almond oil... To keep your hair healthy and beautiful, and most importantly without dandruff, many trichologists recommend using a unique oil. It strengthens the hair follicles, nourishes the roots and fights split ends perfectly. In treating dandruff, almond oil can be used even in its pure form. It is recommended to comb your hair several times a day, after dropping a couple of drops onto the comb.
In addition, you can mix almond oil with any essential oil in a 2: 1 ratio, add a little lemon juice and bergamot oil. This mask perfectly moisturizes the scalp, stimulates hair growth and increases the elasticity of the hair, while preventing the appearance of dandruff.
Jojoba oil . It perfectly cleanses the scalp, freeing hair follicles from clogging. This oil is an excellent cleanser for oily hair and an indispensable product in the fight against dandruff. Brittle and highly split ends become soft, manageable and shiny. The density of the hair is restored after one month of regular use.
To get rid of dry skin and dandruff, it is strongly recommended to comb your hair at least once a day with a comb, on which 4 drops of jojoba oil were previously dripped. You can also massage your scalp 10 minutes before washing. A very effective remedy is a night mask. After the dandruff disappears, you can add jojoba oil to the shampoo as a preventive measure.
Anti-dandruff sea salt
In pursuit of beauty and in the fight against dandruff, you can try to resort to sea salt. It will help restore the former thickness of the hair, accelerate growth and strengthen the hair. A large amount of trace elements found in sea salt have a beneficial effect on the scalp, contributing to the timely removal of dead scales. That is why this component is included in many cosmetic masks. By normalizing the fat balance of the skin, dandruff disappears completely. Sea salt can be rubbed into the head in its pure form.
A mask based on sea salt, yolks and bread is also recommended against dandruff. To do this, take 2 chicken yolks, 1 tsp. sea salt and 3 soaked rye bread slices. The resulting gruel must be applied to the hair and left for 40-50 minutes. Then the mask must be washed off well, and the hair must be rinsed with cold water.
Dandruff onion
The usual onion peel has an undeniable healing effect. With regular use of such a decoction, you can get rid of dandruff in a minimum amount of time. In addition, onion broth significantly improves the condition of the scalp, accelerates hair growth. To prepare the broth, take a small handful of onion husks, fill it with one full glass of warm water and put the mixture on fire for about 10 minutes. The resulting tincture should be thoroughly rubbed into the hair roots.
You can make a mask. Squeeze the juice from the bulbs. Approximately 3 tbsp. l. it is necessary to rub it well into the scalp, and then wrap it with a towel and leave it for one hour, after which you can wash your hair with shampoo. The huge content of trace elements and vitamins in onion juice contributes to the disappearance of dandruff, the restoration of a healthy scalp, and also protects the hair from loss and makes the hair shine.
Lemon for dandruff
It is lemon that is considered an effective anti-dandruff remedy. To prepare lemon broth, you need to cut the peel from four lemons, pour one liter of warm water over it and then put it on fire. After boiling, cook the mixture for 20 minutes. Then cool the lemon broth, gently filter and rinse the hair along its entire length with it. It is advisable to repeat this wonderful procedure once every 7 days.
You can make a simple anti-dandruff mask by combining half of fresh juice with 4 tbsp. l. olive oil. After rubbing the scalp with such a product, be sure to cover the hair with any plastic bag, on top - with a towel. After one or an hour and a half, the mask can be washed off with shampoo. For good results, this mask can be done three times a week.
Aspirin for dandruff
To get rid of severe dandruff, regular aspirin is also recommended. You need to take 2 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, crush them well, and then add to the shampoo necessary for washing your hair once. We rub the resulting mixture into the head, and after 10 minutes, be sure to wash it off thoroughly. It is very important that there are absolutely no acid particles left on the hair, as it can burn them.
It should be noted that such a remedy is not recommended for thin hair. This method of treatment is most preferable for oily type of dandruff. Aspirin shampoo helps relieve flaking and itching. You can also purchase the drug "Sulsena", which is effective in combating fungus and prevents the formation of new snow-white "flakes" of dandruff.
Apple cider vinegar for dandruff
Homemade apple cider vinegar is an essential remedy for hair restoration. It can be called a panacea for many skin problems. This vinegar fights the signs of dandruff very well, it strengthens the hair, making it quite soft and silky.
To make a miraculous compress, you need half a glass of regular apple cider vinegar and the same amount of water. Apply a slightly warmed liquid directly to the scalp and then leave it on for at least one hour. Then wash off the vinegar with any shampoo. Apple cider vinegar will help remove dead skin cells as well as protect hair from hair loss.
Nettle decoction for dandruff
This common herb is very effective against dandruff. To obtain a healing broth, you need to take 1 glass of dried and one and a half liters of water. The broth must be cooked in a water bath for 20 minutes. To make it more useful, give the broth time to infuse. After a few hours, you can rinse your hair with it.
This tool can be called universal. With its help, you can cure dandruff, make your hair very strong and manageable. It is recommended to use a decoction of nettle after each hair wash. After a few weeks of regular use, you will notice amazing shine and clarity of your hair.
Aloe for dandruff
Without a doubt, you can remove dandruff from the head with the help of ordinary aloe, which is found in almost every home. To prepare the product, take a couple of fleshy leaves, squeeze out the juice and rub it into the scalp before every hair wash. The procedure must be regular so that the dandruff disappears quickly. It is recommended to keep the juice on your hair for at least one hour at least 3 times a week. In addition to the absence of dandruff, you can also notice the rapid growth of hair.
For additional hair strengthening, you can add one chicken yolk and one chopped clove to aloe juice.
Homemade anti-dandruff mask recipe
All homemade masks are incredibly effective against dandruff. They do not require significant financial costs, are easy to use and do not harm the hair.
Egg mask. It is enough to mix the juice of one lemon with two chicken yolks and add a little olive oil. The resulting mixture should be thoroughly rubbed into the skin and hair roots, and be sure to leave for half an hour. Then we rinse off the mask without using shampoo. The procedure can be performed once a week.
Mustard mask. It is very effective for oily type of seborrheic dermatitis. It should be immediately mentioned that with sensitive skin and a tendency to various reactions, such mustard masks are categorically contraindicated. Be very careful with the proportions so as not to accidentally burn your hair. For split ends, be sure to add some quality olive oil to the mustard mask.
To prepare the mask, take grams of dry mustard, 50 grams of colorless henna powder, 2 tbsp. l. any honey, one chicken yolk. We mix all the available components until a creamy mass is obtained. In addition, you can add a couple of drops of any valuable essential oil. A mustard mask for dandruff should be on the hair for about one hour, wrapped under a towel. Then it can be washed off with shampoo. The correct use of this mask will help to completely get rid of dandruff, and will also give your hair a delightful thickness and shine.
Onion mask. Despite its not very pleasant aroma, such a mask very quickly neutralizes dandruff. You need to grate one onion on a grater to get 1 tbsp. l. juice. Then add 1 tbsp to the juice. l. castor oil and 2 tbsp. l. vodka. We thoroughly rub the resulting mixture into the hair and keep it under a warming cap for at least one hour, after which it can be washed off with shampoo. To permanently remove the onion odor, you can rinse your hair with lemon juice. To make dandruff disappear faster, it is advisable to do such an onion mask 2 times a week.
Dandruff mask with honey... We take one egg yolk, 2 tbsp. l. chopped green onions and be sure to 2 tbsp. l. good quality honey. Green onions must be thoroughly grinded with yolk and then add honey. Rub the resulting mask into the scalp for about 10 minutes with light massage movements. We put on a special protective cap on top of our head and wrap it with any towel. Leave the honey mask on your hair for one hour. You can wash off the mixture with plain water or shampoo.
Kefir mask for dandruff... One glass of fresh kefir is enough. It is recommended to apply it to the scalp and hair along the entire length, and then leave it for half an hour under a warming cap. The kefir mask is always washed off with just warm water without the use of shampoos and rinses. Such an effective mask can be done about 2-3 times a week, and then, as a preventive measure, always once a month.
What herbs help with dandruff?
Wise traditional medicine will always help to get rid of annoying dandruff. For a long time, various herbs have been used, which have proven themselves to be excellent in the fight against this problem. To quickly eliminate dead skin particles and snow-white flakes, it is recommended to use various decoctions based on the roots of burdock and celandine, flowers of tansy, burdock, wormwood and nettle. A decoction from the bark and rhizomes is also very effective. In addition, you can make masks based on crushed medicinal soapstone.
Homemade dandruff recipe
Don't rely on expensive beauty products to keep your hair shiny, clean and healthy. You can make a miraculous shampoo at home.
Anti-dandruff shampoo recipe... To prepare this anti-dandruff remedy, you will need 1 drop of rose oil and 5 or 6 drops of essential oil. The oils must be dissolved in 1 tsp. pure alcohol. Then we take 2 yolks and beat them with a mixer. Pour the oil-alcohol solution into the resulting egg mixture.
Such a homemade shampoo is in no way inferior in effectiveness to many modern cosmetics for hair care. It will do an excellent job of treating dandruff. It can be used daily without fear of harming even fine hair. After just one week of use, you will be able to appreciate fantastic results.
Education: Diploma in the specialty "General Medicine" and "Therapy" received at the University named after NI Pirogov (2005 and 2006). Advanced training at the Department of Phytotherapy at the Peoples' Friendship University of Moscow (2008).
