People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Comrade Berry
I am sending you a special note on the state and activity of reading rooms, red corners and clubs in rural areas in certain districts of the Kursk region. Individual signals received from the localities indicated an extreme distress in the state of political education in the countryside and caused the need for active intervention on our part. We, with the participation of representatives of Party and Soviet organizations, conducted a sample survey of reading rooms, red corners and clubs. The materials of this note characterize political education in 27 districts, where a total of 42 reading rooms, 8 red corners and 6 clubs were examined.
The survey found that this area of work in the vast majority of districts of our region fell out of sight of party and Soviet bodies, and, as a consequence, the content of political education in the countryside at the present time does not at all correspond to political and economic tasks and does not satisfy the needs of the population. At the same time, I am sending a special note to the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for making an appropriate decision.
Appendix: mentioned.
Beginning Directorate of the NKVD in the Kursk region. Dombrovsky
Application:
In connection with the recent emergence from a number of areas of the Kursk region. With signals about the extremely unfavorable state of political education in the countryside, the NKVD organs, with the participation of party and Soviet organizations, carried out a selective survey of reading rooms, red corners and clubs. In 37 districts, 42 reading rooms, 8 red corners and 6 clubs were surveyed. The survey established an extremely low level of political and educational work in the countryside, which is completely inconsistent with the increased social and cultural needs of the countryside.
The main reasons for this are: lack of proper leadership from the district and party and Soviet organizations; underestimation in a number of areas of the serious importance of this area of work; inadequacy of reading rooms, red corners and clubs with appropriate personnel and their contamination with socially alien, morally decayed elements.
Reading rooms and red corners have an extremely unattractive appearance both in terms of external and internal equipment. In some places, buildings are dilapidated, kept unsanitary, not artistically decorated, and not provided with literature. Many reading huts do not subscribe to periodicals. The unfortunate situation in the state of political education in the countryside is characterized by numerous facts.
Belgorod region. Regional organizations almost do not manage the work of reading rooms and red corners. On the line of the district UNO, the leadership is entrusted to the district inspectors: Bezhentsev (the son of a merchant, former Socialist-Revolutionary, expelled from the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks) and Saprykin (dismissed from work in the district UNO for disrupting work to eliminate illiteracy). As a result of this "leadership" there is no cultural work in the countryside, reading rooms and red corners are inactive. The collective farm "Red Boevik" has a red corner. Except for a few books published in 1926-1927, there is no library in the hut-reading room. The room in the red corner is dirty, the roof is leaking, there are traces of damp everywhere, there is no decoration. Party organizer Kravchikov is in charge of the corner.
Korenevsky district. There is almost no political education. The district committee of the CPSU (b) does not deal with this issue. The district does not manage the work of the reading rooms and the red corners. In the Kaponovsky village council, the hut-reading room is headed by Myagkikh, expelled from the Komsomol for moral decay. The soft ones do not do any work in the club. Circles of Osoaviakhim, MOPR, drama, choral and other amateur circles exist only on paper, and they do not conduct any work (Starkovsky, B. Dolzhenkovsky and other village councils).
Nikolsky district. The district is not in charge of political education in the district. There is no work plan either for the district as a whole, or for individual huts, reading rooms and red corners. In the Korotysh village council, the hut-reading room is headed by the Komsomol member Malygin, who was expelled from the Komsomol for the collapse of the Komsomol organization. Malygin is exclusively engaged in drunkenness. The premises of this hut-reading room are kept unsanitary: there is dirt in the room, the roof has fallen into disrepair, all in holes. The house is rotting and threatens to collapse. There is one anti-Easter poster from the decoration. The tables and chairs are broken. The literature is outdated and nobody uses it. Newspapers, although they are subscribed, are used only by the izbach. He keeps newspapers in his apartment, explaining that "you can't keep newspapers in the hut-reading room, the mice will eat them." On the Krasnaya Polyana collective farm, Vasiliev is in charge of the red corner, the brother of an active sectarian Baptist, with whom he has a close relationship. The work in the red corner is extremely poorly organized.
Manturovsky district. Clubs, reading rooms and red corners are inactive. No cultural and educational work is being carried out. The room is in an ugly state. There is no decoration - posters, portraits, slogans. Literature is not provided. Newspapers are subscribed in very limited quantities and are not used properly. In some districts, the premises of reading rooms and clubs are used for pouring bread, and in the Leninsky district, the club is adapted for a barn. In the Korsakov district, out of 5 reading rooms, 3 do not work at all, since the premises are occupied for grain storage. In the Pavlovsk village council of the Oboyansk district, an extremely comfortable room-reading room was taken away by the village council for piling up bread. Many kolkhoz and rural wall newspapers are deprived of any leadership of the party organizations. A significant part of the wall newspapers does not have a Selkorovsky asset, as a result of which their socio-political significance is insignificant. Newspapers are often politically illiterate.
Oryol district. On the collective farm. At the 17th Party Conference, the newspaper Golos Kolkhoz was published. The editor of the newspaper is the teacher of the Winds. The newspaper does not cover the issues of organizational and economic construction and the socio-political work of the collective farm. Vetrov publishes his own "editorials" of exceptional illiteracy in the newspaper. In one of his articles, he wrote: “The revolution of 1917 took place because Tsar Nicholas II and his assistant Grishka Rasputin were drunkards. If they were not drunkards, there would be no revolution. "
Pristensky district. A wall newspaper "For a record harvest" is published in the Sazovsky village council. Its authors are two - the head of the hut-reading room and the school worker. The funds allocated for political education are far from being used in full.
Leninsky district. Out of 10 thousand rubles allocated according to the regional budget for cultural education, 1 thousand rubles were spent. The rest of the money was partially spent for other purposes.
Krasno-Yaruzhsky district. The reading room of the Ilek-Penkovsky village council has 500 rubles for cultural education, but does not spend it.
Korsakovsky district. Hut-reading room of the Pokrovsky village council of 600 rubles allocated for cultural enlightenment. spent only 105 rubles. Reported to the regional party bodies. No. 4/17938.
Vilensky
Soviet village through the eyes of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD. 1918-1939. Documents and materials. In 4 volumes / T. 4.p. 185−187.
- ((hut chit () a () flax)) reading room huts; pl. reading huts, reading huts; f. In the USSR until the end of the 60s: cultural educational institution in the countryside. The head of the hut is a reading room. * * * The reading room hut is one of the types of rural club institutions in the USSR before ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
One of the types of rural club institutions in the USSR before the beginning. 60s ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Sush., Number of synonyms: 2 library (19) toilet (87) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
G. Cultural and educational institution in rural areas (in the USSR in the 20-60s of the XX century). Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
hut-reading room-, s and, zh. Reading room in the premises of a peasant house. ◘ We have now become the centers of political educational work in the workers' districts, clubs, and in the countryside reading rooms (Molotov). BAS, v. 5, 86. Resolved: to purchase ... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Soviets
One of the types of rural club institutions in the USSR. They arose in the early years of Soviet power. In some national republics, districts, territories, regions, mobile I. ch. Were created. Red teahouses, red chums, red yurts, etc. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
hut-reading room- a hut a reading room, a hut a reading room ... Russian spelling dictionary
hut-reading room- (1 f 1 f), R. hut / chita / flax ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
hut-reading room- huts / chita / flax; pl. and / zby chita / flax, izb chita / flax; f. In the USSR until the end of the 60s: cultural educational institution in the countryside. The head of the hut is more ... Dictionary of many expressions
hut-reading room- hut / a / cheat / a / l / n / i ... Morphemic-spelling dictionary
Books
- Ashes of Odessa knocks in my heart Collection of poetic prose and journalistic materials, Izba-Reading room. The collection "Ashes of Odessa is knocking at my heart" was compiled by the editorial team of the literary and artistic portal "Izba-Reading room" based on materials from the authors of the site .. The main idea of the present ...
- The rejected return or the rejected adds the Collection of poetic prose and journalistic materials, Izba-Reading room. The collection "Crimea is the Russian land. The rejected return or the rejected adds!"
December marks 95 years of librarianship in Gzhatsk. Eras have changed, paper has practically given way to a tablet computer, but the spirit of the library as a treasury of the most interesting, unusual and new remains unchanged.
In a few days, the Central Regional Library in the city of Gagarin will celebrate its 95th anniversary. Similar anniversaries are now being celebrated by other public libraries operating in small cities of our country, because in the late 1910s - early 1920s, the appearance of libraries and reading rooms in cities and villages became a truly massive phenomenon.
Soon after the October Revolution, V.I. Lenin noted the creation of libraries in all, even not very large, settlements of the country as one of the most important tasks of the new government: “We must use the books that we have and set about creating an organized network of libraries that would help the people to use every available one. we have a book. " Soon a decree on a unified library network was issued, and courses for librarians were opened for training personnel.
A massive eradication of illiteracy began. New professions appeared in the country - huts and booksellers, whose task was to promote new Soviet literature among the population. Izbachs no longer expected visitors, they walked around the yards, went to field camps and logging sites, inviting people to evenings in the reading room and convincing them that it was never too late to learn to read and write. And the reading rooms, in turn, turned into a kind of rural clubs: there they not only read books and newspapers, they held conversations, held lectures, read reports, they developed amateur performances and even showed the first films.
In 1918, D. Gorshkov, head of the out-of-school subdivision under the Gzhatsky Soviet Department, writes in the newspaper Izvestia of the Gzhatsky Soviet ... (No. 32):
“In order to raise the cultural level of the population, the out-of-school Subdivision considers it necessary to carry out the following activities. In the city - the creation of a central library and a free reading room with it with such a selection of books that could satisfy, if possible, all residents of the city and district, from an ordinary peasant to a comprehensively developed intellectual.
Despite the fact that the collected books contain many valuable and useful materials, it is still impossible to call a complete library. In it, for example, the departments of politics, economics and agriculture are poorly represented. There is not exactly what young social thought is so eagerly seeking.
In addition, for the reading room, you constantly have to subscribe to newspapers and magazines, without which the latter cannot do, like a person without air.
The organization of a book store and kiosks has a wide propaganda and developmental significance. It is a necessary addition to a library that can never meet the demands of the reading public throughout the county.
Books, newspapers and magazines will broaden the political horizons of the population, provide them with a number of theoretical data on applied knowledge and force all the living and conscious forces of the county to embark on the path of social construction. The selection of books is carried out under the direct supervision of figures of the left social movement and the needs of the local population. "
Gzhatsk district library was organized on December 15, 1919. Initially, she was located in a building on Herzen Street, but in the 1920s and 1930s she repeatedly moved from one room to another, until, finally, she settled in the Tikhvin Church (the complex of the Annunciation Cathedral).
Unfortunately, there is no reliable archival data on the history of libraries in the district, but according to scant sources, it can be concluded that, in addition to the district library in Gzhatsk, libraries also appeared in the villages of Prechistoye, Karmanovo and Tokarevo in those years.
At the time of the opening of the county library, its fund totaled only 2331 books, but despite this, it quickly became the cultural center of Gzhatsk. In 1923 Nikolai Vasilievich Shklomin was appointed head of the library. Despite the numerous difficulties of the first years of the formation of Soviet power, the lack of funds and the small variety of books published in the country, he was able to constantly increase the book fund. Nikolai Vasilievich kept in touch with the libraries of Moscow, Leningrad and Smolensk. Literature was sent from these cities to Gzhatsk at his request. Thanks to the efforts of the head, by 1941 the library had 20 thousand volumes. The number of readers grew by leaps and bounds.
After the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the library workers hid their main wealth - books - in the basement of the Tikhvin Church. Unfortunately, this did not help to preserve them: during the years of the occupation, part of the books was destroyed, the other was taken away to their homes by the residents of Gzhat. It took several years to restore the library after the end of the war. Books to replenish the book fund were then sent from distant regions, and private persons also brought them.
Over the years of work, the head of the regional library, Nikolai Shklomin, was repeatedly awarded with diplomas. His name is entered in the Book of Honor for workers of cultural and educational institutions. In 1952 he handed over the library to Yuri Alekseevich Sobolevsky, who, like his predecessor, did a lot for its development.
In 1963, the book fund of the library consisted of 26 thousand books, and by 1975 their number had increased to 33 thousand. However, in the damp and cold building of the Tikhvin Church, books quickly fell into disrepair, and employees had to work in fur coats and felt boots all year round. Naturally, in such conditions, there could be no question of holding any mass events. Only on the eve of its 70th anniversary in 1989, after two moves, the library celebrated a housewarming in a building on the central square of the city, where it is located to this day.
The rapid development of computer technology set new tasks for the library staff, which they successfully completed. Today, within its walls, play and developmental events are regularly held for children who willingly come to the "book house", later becoming its regular visitors. There is an information center for the youth audience. Visitors of all ages come to meet writers and poets, musicians and artists. On the basis of the library there is a club of Gagarin poets. In the spirit of the times, an action "Night at the Museum" is held for the townspeople.
The library today, like 95 years ago, remains a cultural center visited by Gagarin residents of all ages - from preschoolers to retirees.
Evgeny FEDORENKOV,
PHOTO - from the archive of the deputy director of the library Galina SHEKHVATOVA
Malta attracted special attention two years ago, when a family of mammoths appeared at the entrance to the ancient village. Surprisingly, many residents of the Angara region until that time did not even suspect that one of the largest sites of the Paleolithic era was located next to them. It all began with the fact that in the distant 1929 the peasant Savelyev decided to deepen his cellar at home. During excavations, he discovered a huge old bone, which, however, did not make an impression on him. He threw it over the fence, and the local boys immediately found a use for it, adapting it as a sled. However, the head of the village reading room took a closer look at the curiosity and reported it to Irkutsk. The famous archaeologist Mikhail Gerasimov immediately went to Malta and discovered an ancient site. This news stunned the entire scientific world. Such unique artifacts as miniature female figurines of Venus, the burial of a child with a rich inventory and a bead made of a mineral called "tiger's eye" were recovered from the bowels of the Malta land.
The church collapsed in silence
The beautiful large village of Malta is divided into two parts - the right and left banks of the Belaya River. The right side is more modern. It was formed after the railway was built. All socially significant objects are located here: the local administration, the school, the House of Culture, the enterprise for the production of mineral water "Maltinskoe" and the remains of the sanatorium that once thundered throughout the region.
But the left side is a real historical treasury. Along the main street - Lenin - the former Moscow tract stretches, along which convicts and military men moved several centuries ago. On the way, they made a short stop in Malta: they rested, changed horses. This episode from the history of the village was recreated by the Maltese on one of the village holidays. Dressed in rags and rags, they depicted how convicts moved along the Moscow highway.
At the corner of the street there is still a two-story old house, which housed a side-house hotel. According to residents, Anton Chekhov once stayed there. Then, many years later, the building was equipped as a maternity hospital.
It is known that not all convicts could withstand the long journey. The martyrs often found their final resting place here. They were buried without a funeral service, and it was for this reason that the inhabitants decided to build a church in the village. They sent a petition to Tsar Alexander I and, without waiting for an answer, began to collect money.
Initially, it was decided to build a two-aisled temple, but over time the plans changed, and as a result a large three-aisled temple was erected. The main chapel is in the name of the Ascension of the Lord, the second - to the Kazan Mother of God, and the third - in the name of Saint Innocent. The temple was made conscientiously. Large old bricks made of local clay were used for its construction. In order for them to hold tight, a huge amount of eggs was added to the solution. The inhabitants themselves carried them from their yards. Everyone wanted to contribute to a good cause.
In 1810, two smaller chapels were consecrated, and the turn of the main one came only 23 years later, as there were difficulties with money. A parish school was also opened near the church. 10 people graduated from it first. At the same time, according to the recollections of old-timers, there were more boys than girls at that time. In its original form, the temple served until the revolution.
During the Civil War of 1918, it was used to target artillery pieces by both red and white. The church was shelled from all sides. In February 20, when Malta was under martial law, the Reds fired back from the Kappelites from the bell tower.
In 1933, the temple was closed. Part of the premises was fenced off and equipped as a warehouse, and the church territory was given over to sports grounds and buildings. For some time in the temple on the second floor there was an office of a brick factory, then it was given to a club. Workers of the Maltese culture showed films, arranged dances. Here the population gathered for gatherings. During the time that the temple was not used for its intended purpose, they began to gradually dismantle it for needs. Since the brick was of very good quality, in the 30-40s, the military took it to the barracks.
The last one who temporarily found refuge in the church was a general store. True, he did not work for long, and after the building was empty, it began to collapse. During the 2009 earthquake, most of the walls of the temple collapsed, and two years later only ruins remained from it.
It was very calm and quiet that day. At about 17.30, a terrible crash was heard, and the temple collapsed. By itself. Apparently, his time has come. Nobody has gone there anymore, have not looked in, - says Galina Kolomiets, curator of the school local history museum. - It's a pity, of course, the church. Architectural monument. Maybe someday a new temple will be built in its place. After all, this place is prayed, holy.
Venus, beads and ancient burials
Malta is also home to the world-famous site of an ancient man. The story of how a local resident dug up a mammoth bone has long turned into a legend that the older generation tells the younger generation. For several decades, expeditions have come here every season. From the earth, archaeologists extracted the bones of a mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, deer horns, tools of labor of primitive people, jewelry and household items.
This ancient monument has attracted hundreds of thousands of tourists and archaeologists from all over the world. Everyone wanted to get to know the unique artifacts better. Scientists have found that on the site of Malta 21-23 thousand years ago there was a tundra, along which herds of mammoths, rhinos and bison roamed. Their meat served as food for primitive people, and dwellings were built from skins and bones.
In 1958, Mikhail Gerasimov, who was the first to study Maltese culture, was replaced by his student, professor and archaeologist German Medvedev. He also unearthed many amazing items. Among them, for example, are small statuettes of women. They had clearly cut lips, profiled nostrils and a miniature chin. There were 30 such figurines, named Venus. Another find is an ancient bead made of the tiger's eye mineral. It is noteworthy in it that until then this mineral was found only in India and southern Afghanistan.
In Malta, the only burial of a child in the region with a rich decoration was found: beads and pendants from mammoth ivory, fragments of a flying bird, flint products and a bracelet.
Burned bonfires, sang to the guitar
Archaeological research was also of great interest to local residents. The children often visited the expedition members, watched how they work.
Previously, there was even a sign "Ancient man's camp" here. Outsiders were not allowed there. But in my youth, we often ran there. In the 80s, archaeologists set up a tent city and worked here all season, three to four months. Students and young people came mainly from Irkutsk, they burned fires, played the guitar. And we joined them, - says Dinara Salikhovna, a resident of Malta.
From the first grade, young "archaeologists" have trod a path here. They were interested in the whole process of work: how the first layer of earth is removed, working with scrapers and brushes, removing products, taking measurements and photographing artifacts.
It is impossible to describe it. You need to see. I have never seen such meticulous work, every millimeter of the earth is being explored. Archaeologists are sensitive to each discovered exhibit. They are handled very carefully so as not to cause damage.
True, there is one significant disadvantage in this Maltese attraction. Since the entire village is essentially a zone of archaeological heritage, any construction or excavation work is prohibited here. And this is a very big problem for the residents. In order to obtain permission for the construction of any object, even a small shed or bath, they need to go through many instances. Those who just want to take the land for a vegetable garden are subjected to the same procedure. Some of the Maltinians tried to prevent this "disgrace" and erected buildings without permission. However, the supervisory authorities, having learned about the violation, immediately came and punished the guilty person with a ruble.
Mammoth and dentist
In the early 2000s, due to a lack of funding, the excavations stopped, and only two or three years ago they were resumed. In 2014, archaeologists of Irkutsk State University discovered the remains of a mammoth on the banks of the river. First, they stumbled upon an animal's tooth, which was hidden immediately under the turf, then, digging deeper, they found the rest of the remains: fragments of a skull, leg bones, ribs. All of them were in an ancient frost crack, on an area of about one and a half meters. The age of the deposits was approximately 25 thousand years.
According to the assumptions of Dmitry Lokhov, a research engineer at the Department of Archeology, Ethnology and History of the Ancient World, the baby mammoth may have become the prey of an ancient man. He was beaten off from the herd and driven into a trap. This can be judged by the appearance and location of the remains. Archaeologists have found chopped leg bones and a skull. The teeth were set apart. The ribs were also chopped up and piled up.
In 2015, research work in Malta began later, in early September.
Excavations were carried out right along the fences, along the entire length of Proizvodstvenny Lane. They dug about three meters deep, and from above everything was under the film, says Dinara. - This time we placed the members of the expedition in the House of Culture, heated the bathhouse, gave them tea. Work continued until mid-November. In the cold, they stoked the stove. While the excavations were going on, a temporary bypass road was piled up for residents. After the completion of the work, the lane was returned to its previous appearance. We do not know what archaeologists have found, we only know that there were many elements of animal bones.
On Beregovaya Street, along which excavations were carried out for many years, none of the former residents remained. The elderly have died, the young have left. The new residents only know that the site of an ancient man is located here. True, sometimes someone finds interesting fragments. So, last year, after a heavy downpour, Natalya Burlakova, descending to the shore, accidentally
poked into an object of an unusual shape. At first she thought it was a stone, but after looking closely, she decided that it looked more like a tooth. Experts have confirmed her guesses. She donated her find to the school museum. It is noteworthy that she found the tooth not on the left bank, where the parking lot is located, but on the right. How he got there remains a mystery. At least, to children at school, Galina Kolomiets jokingly says that the mammoth went to the dentist.
Another exhibit of the school museum of local lore is a huge vertebra. Fishermen caught him in the river. For a long time they did not know where to attach it, and then they decided to take it to the museum. It also contains the jaw of an unknown animal, a bone from the thigh of a woolly rhinoceros and a copy of Venus, which was presented to the museum by a professor from Germany Nana Nauwald.
Cucumbers are salted in spring water
The site of the ancient man is not the only attraction in Malta. Who doesn't know the bottled mineral water of the same name? It is being implemented throughout the Irkutsk region and beyond. The source is privately owned. One entrepreneur took a plot for himself, drilled a well on it and started a profitable business. Residents of Malta and all unauthorized persons are prohibited from entering there, only they do not need it. They have their own source. Anyone can come and get some spring water for themselves. It tastes slightly salty. As Maltinians assure, it contains many useful substances. She is usually treated with gastrointestinal tract treatment. To do this, you need to drink 100 grams of water in the morning and evening. Housewives make good pickles based on this water. Lightly salted cucumbers are especially successful. There is a chapel next to the spring.
Sanatorium "Maltinsky" - another pride of the village - has long since sunk into oblivion. In his golden years, people came here on vacation from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Buryatia, the Chita Region, and Yakutia. The sanatorium served up to 1000 people per season. People were attracted by the local beauty and healing mud, which was mined from the Popovskie lakes. They helped with diseases of the joints and the musculoskeletal system. There is still mud today, only the Usolsk hospitals use it.
Now from the former rest house there is only a sign at the entrance to the village and two buildings - an office and a canteen. Other buildings either burned down or were dismantled for needs. Several years ago, these two buildings also turned into ordinary residential buildings. The district administration plans to create an open-air museum on the territory of the former recreation center. True, no one knows when the desired will come true.
Selfie on a mammoth
The only attraction that has appeared here recently is the mammoth family. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 90th anniversary of the Usolsky district. First, a mother and a mammoth appeared in an open area in front of Malta, and later their father joined them. The sculptural composition was made by the famous master from Thelma Ivan Zuev.
I immediately decided that it would be a little mammoth, pulling my mother out of the icy water. On the one hand, this is salvation, on the other, awakening. The baby mammoth seems to symbolize our young generation, which is trying to pull information about the past from the depths of centuries. About what we have already forgotten. I would like people to remember this. Many simply do not know what unique treasures are stored in the depths of this village, - said Ivan Zuev.
The sculpture's manufacturing technology is identical to that used to create the Motherland Calls statue in Volgograd. In addition, a special bronzing technique was used. This creation is guaranteed for 50 years. Once the mammoth family has settled in the countryside, cars drive to it in an endless stream. People take photos and selfies against the background of ancient animals, and someone is trying to climb onto the back of a mammoth.
Tourists are attracted by the cellar
Maltese children are still trying to find unique artifacts today. They carry all their finds to the local history museum. Every year there is a competition for the most interesting ancient exhibit. Schoolchildren bring old utensils and household items. However, today for them even such devices as home landline telephone, radio, tape recorder are of historical value. The Angarsk Geological Expedition, based in Malta, donated a set of stones to the museum, and a local watchmaker brought in many interesting clockwork mechanisms. Among his presentations there is a ship clock that counts the time with the accuracy of the Kremlin ones.
The pride of the school is the school theater "Voice", which will celebrate its 30th anniversary next year. The theater's repertoire is impressive. Among the productions: "Juno and Avos", "The Master and Margarita", "12 Chairs" and much more. The actors are both children and the entire teaching staff. Regional theater festivals and master classes are also held here.
In general, according to residents, they have a nice, calm village. Groups of tourists visit Malta every summer. It is interesting for everyone to look at the place where mammoths and woolly rhinos lived many millennia ago. They are especially attracted by the house, in the cellar of which the first artifacts were dug up. True, the tenants there have long been replaced and outsiders are not allowed to enter their area. And there is no longer anything to look at - everything is overgrown with grass and beds. The regional authorities have long had the idea of organizing a tourist route through the Malta sites of archaeological heritage. It remains only to implement this plan.
Photo by Sergey Ignatenko
Brief overview of archival materialINTRODUCTION
Over the past five years, I have heard every now and then: is the history of libraries really necessary? Well, they were alive now, but are they worth such close attention to their past? I am sure: the history of libraries is on a par with the history of public education. After all, they, along with schools, have played a huge role in the life of our people. It is they who help to preserve and transfer from generation to generation the knowledge accumulated by mankind. Studying the history of libraries operating in the city is an opportunity not only to determine the date of opening, addresses, but also to try to name those who opened these libraries.
Library history can be studied in two ways. First: the memoirs of the oldest library workers and their readers. The second is the study of documents that are stored in the funds of our archives: the State Archives of the Ulyanovsk Region and the Archives of Contemporary History. In addition to traditional statistical reports on the work of libraries for each year of work from the date of foundation, the funds of the culture department and the culture department of the city council also store text reports, information about the work of libraries and other documents. What a joy it is when, through a pile of dusty dry reports, you come across a living word about a library or a hut-reading room - evidence that not only a performer, but also a real ascetic worked in this small cultural institution.
The scope of my research is limited by the Soviet period and only by the city (the history of the largest libraries - regional scientific and youthful ones - is dealt with by the academic secretary of the Book Palace V.M. Patutkin).
FUNCTIONS - READ
Let's imagine our city of the early twenties. It is believed that at this time the city had two or three libraries. This is wrong. According to the list of libraries as of December 1, 1921, there are 34 libraries in the city. The list includes military and departmental libraries: for example, at the Economic Council, Gubzemotdel, health department, concentration camp, correctional house, and so on. The same list includes the familiar provincial book depository, the central library, two regional ones, and so on. In addition to the registered libraries, it is known that at various institutions and organizations of the city there were ... 47 loan points.
The ruler of thoughts in those years was our fellow countryman V.I. Lenin. He and his wife N.K. Krupskaya thought over and put into practice the idea of bringing the book as close as possible to the reader. For example, V. I. Lenin believed that the indicator of the culture of any country is the number of libraries. In his opinion, the library should be located within a 20-minute walk from the place of residence of the reader. In the most difficult years for the country, the years of devastation and famine, reading rooms began to appear in the country.
In the Ulyanovsk region, about a hundred reading rooms were registered, six of them were located in the city. Some of them have become the prototypes of modern libraries, clubs and even kindergartens.
The reading rooms of Ulyanovsk appeared as "centers of political education and conductors of all cultural events." The reading room was supposed to help "unite the poor and farm laborers with the middle peasant".
At each hut-reading room, there were political circles, educational centers (for the elimination of illiteracy), drama circles (in the largest - Kulikovskaya - hut-reading room, they staged performances that were popular among the population.
The reading rooms were supposed to become centers for organizing conscription into the army, the huts organized evenings of memories of former military personnel and solemn farewells for conscripts. The duty of the hut is the design of the wall newspaper, the organization of loud readings and various lectures. Not at all, but at many huts-reading rooms there were small collections of books. In some cases, the izbach agreed to lend books at certain hours (he brought books from the Palace of Books). Each hut-reading room subscribed to newspapers and magazines. In the early 1930s, reading rooms were reminiscent of today's teenage clubs. "Cases have become more frequent when teenagers and low-income children of disenfranchised, breaking off relations with their parents, go to the street, where they beggar, commit offenses, thereby replenishing the ranks of street children," Terekhina and Agapova write in Gorono, "we ask you to give specific instructions on how to deal with children. disenfranchised, living in poverty. "Much attention was paid to work with children and women. Children's playgrounds were organized at large huts-reading rooms, which became prototypes of today's kindergartens. housewives. "In the same document, it was proposed" in view of the summer time to transfer the work (hut-reading room) to nature and, if possible, organize excursions (housewives), for example, to a nursery named after him. Ilyich, to the museum or to the house of protection of mothers and children. The work plans for the hut-reading room include reading the magazines Rabotnitsa, Delegatka and Krestyanka in nature. On the outskirts of the city, where there are still no reading rooms, it was proposed to organize points of movement and book-carrying. “Some huts-reading rooms were organized not from above, but… from below, spontaneously, by the people themselves. For example, in November 1925, the Butyrskaya hut-reading room was opened.
From the documents of 1928, one can see the concern of the authorities that "the population of Tuti and the Northern pasture with the adjacent areas of Brick sheds and Boltavsky pits is completely not served by political education."(f.521, inventory 1, d.521, p.191). "The house on the National team 74 \ 4 is quite suitable for a hut-reading room for servicing the Northern pasture", - reports the author of one of the reports. He recommends purchasing the Doctorov brothers' house for this purpose. It is possible that as a result of the authorities' concern, huts appeared - reading rooms on Kulikovka and in Podgirya. Prior to that, the population of these districts of the city was served by the booksellers of the Book Palace and school workers. However, the authors of the documents admit that this work was carried out "haphazardly and without any regulation of this." One of the reasons is called “non-payment of labor”. Izbach, like school workers, received a salary. GORONO is responsible for supplying the reading room with kerosene, firewood and newspapers. The Department of Public Education oversaw the work of the reading room until 1954. Questions about the huts-reading rooms were discussed at the "Association of Librarians" operating in the city. For example, at a meeting of the Gubpolitprosveta (1925) "Association ..." raised the issue of supplying reading rooms with reader and book forms, as well as "Notebooks for issuing books." At each hut-reading room, there were Soviets from among the activists. Before starting work, the hut-librarian had to pass a month's "test" (training and practice) at the Central Library. The archives contain many interesting facts about many huts-reading rooms of the city and region. The surplus reading rooms were financed from the county budget. Where there is no money, it was supported by ... the population. “The reading rooms seemed to come to life,” they write in the documents of the Gubpolitprosvet dated March 10, 1924, “visits have grown several times, the need for a good peasant book has increased…. The magazine "Atheist" is being read to its holes. It is necessary to write posters with the image of V. I. Lenin, books with his biography. We need Stasov's books "What the peasants need to know about Soviet power, about the land and about their economy" ... We need the magazine "Novaya Derevnya".
The funds of the Ulyanovsk archives contain many interesting facts about the Nizhne-Chasovenskaya, Kanavskaya and Royal huts-reading rooms of the Zavolzhsky district. In the center of Ulyanovsk there were Butyrskaya, Kulikovskaya and Podgornaya reading rooms. In this publication I will focus on one of them - Butyrskaya.
BUTYRSKAYA
Old-timers know that Butyrki is the area of the old cemetery, Robespierre and Nizhne-Polevoy streets. In the twenties and thirties, the Butyrok region was considered an area of poor handicraftsmen and artisans. Judging by the sources, it was from them that the initiative to open the reading room came from. It was opened twice. The first time was in November 1925. The reading room was located in the two-story building of the Pishchtrest, which housed the office of Lipatov's mill before the revolution.
An ideal hut-reading room presupposes a stage. It was built. In one of the rooms a literacy eradication center was opened, another was occupied by a watchman. The first furniture was a reading room: tables, benches, a water tank.
Information about the first Butyrok hut has not yet been found. Most likely, he was unable to prove himself, perhaps he simply did not know where to start work. Perhaps he spent two years in this state, otherwise why in November 1927 the Butyrskaya hut-reading room reopened again. Presnyakov's hut informs about it. In his statements in Gorono, he writes that the reading room had opened literally from scratch: by his arrival there was no table, no bench, or water tank in the room. Presnyakov asks for a hundred rubles to be allocated to buy furniture. In January 28, he orders firewood, since there are three stoves in the room and before that he bought firewood for his own money. The reviewers are unanimous in their assessment of his performance: "The work ... is felt."
Under Presnyakov, a drama club and a literary center began to operate in the hut-reading room.
The methodologist of the Book Palace K. Okolov, who checks the work of the reading room, calls the Butyrka reading room "a valuable mobile station". In the audit report, she states that "students and adolescents read more, but there is no reading guide for readers."... K. Okolova notes that the reading room is one common room, where they play checkers, rehearsals take place. Was there a place for lending books? It is known that Presnyakov regularly announced the opening hours of the movement. Most likely, the books were brought from the Palace of Books. Izbach compiled annotated lists of literature, designed book exhibitions.
Under Presnyakov, the hut-reading room was renovated, with him a playground for 62 people was arranged. On the day of the Red Army, he organized an excursion to Polivno. This measure decided the question of linking the population with the army. By the date of the capture of the city (September 12), a report was made. The lecturer was followed by a loan agitator. The event brightened up the cinema. The work of the Butyrka hut was used as an example. And, as often happens, he was noticed there, "above" and in October 1928 Presnyakov was transferred to another area of work: to the Karsun Volost Committee of the Komsomol.
The fate of the Butyrka hut-reading room confirms the well-known "Cadres decide everything." The place of Presnyakov was taken by Bayushev, who, as it is written in the report of the inspector of political education for the city of Vasyanin, "never worked in poly-enlightenment work and has little interest. His work is bad." Bayushev is the complete opposite of Presnyakov. He is rude, tactless.
The most affectionate about visitors: "hooligans", being not in the mood, could call the visitor "drunken muzzle". Butyrka activists fought with the rude hut: every "mistake" he made was reported to the political education. For example, once Bayushev tore down the planned report "On the Lena Shooting." The speaker came, and circus performers are performing in the reading room. Izbach made excuses with the banal: "I thought that you would not come."
The activists continued to stigmatize the hut in the wall newspaper. But this did not help: Bayushev did not want to be re-educated, behaved defiantly. At one of the meetings, Inspector Vasyanin reports that Butyrok's activists refuse to work with Bayushev.
There are not so many cottages in the city. Izbach of the Kanavskaya hut-reading room Ivan Veselkin has long been asking to be transferred to the city. You have to make concessions. Veselkin was transferred to the Butyrskaya hut-reading room, Bayushev was "exiled" to Kanavskaya.
Let's turn over one of the plans of the Butyrka hut-reading room. The main task is "to familiarize the population broadly with the tasks of the party." No less important is "to focus the population's attention on strengthening the country's defense capability." In the section on circle work, it is increasingly noted: "Organize ...", "Resume ..."
The circles of OSOAVIAKHIM and MOPR were obligatory for all circles at the huts - reading rooms. They were under Presnyakov, but under Bayushev they fell apart. The wall newspaper ceased to be published, activists did not gather.
At the hut-reading room, the liquor point is again open. Izbach plans to create a circle of wall correspondents, a cell for the fight against alcohol, a circle "Atheist", Komsomol and Pioneer circles. It is planned to "stage a movie three times," prepare a play twice by the drama club, and organize drafts games. Interesting point: "Conduct a show trial."
At Butyrskaya hut-reading room, there is a playground - this is a prototype of a modern kindergarten. It is headed by E.F. Greshnyakova. There is her statement with a request "to let go of the manufactory in order to sew underwear for the children of poor parents."
Unfortunately, Ivan Yakovlevich Veselkin did not show himself either. According to one version, he resigned of his own free will. According to another, it was filmed by the harsh Butyrka Komsomol members. They did not forgive him "negligence in work, drinking and rudeness ...". Since February 1929 A. Voronin has been the head of the Butyrskaya izba-reading room. His work has been marked by the rise of mass work. An assessment of his work can be read in the report of Sharagin, an inspector of political education, who visited the hut-reading room. He writes that "in the area of old and new Butyrok, there are no cultural and educational institutions, except for a reading room. ... Geographically, it is located far from the outskirts. - reading rooms - 80-100 people. "
The inspector notes that “the work is getting better: there are already 27 people in the OSOAVIAKHIM cell, 17, 22 attend the health club - ROKK in the drama club. Amateur artists sometimes stage paid performances in favor of the reading room.
There is a political circle among the Komsomol members. All political and economic campaigns, all revolutionary holidays are reflected in the Butyrskaya hut-reading room in a timely manner. "
Sharagin gives several figures: monthly - seven reports and lectures, in the fund of the reading room there are about 200 political and fictional books. Books are lent out twice a week. Recruited (in the sense - written down) 157 people. 670 books pass through the readers' hands every month. There are booksellers at the hut-reading room.
Sharagin is dissatisfied with the "weak management of the hut-reading room." There is a lack of a separate room: "68 sq. M. Is not enough." He calls the lack of work a lack of work with parents. The "Poor Peasants' Group" has not been organized, and there is no work among women. The head of the hut-reading room does not participate in the work of the literacy eradication center.
Sharagin proposes to the hut "to keep an accurate record of the traffic capacity of visitors." At the same time, he recommends "to take a course towards screening out alien elements visiting the reading room."
In June, Voronin asks for a vacation: he was lucky enough to get a ticket to a holiday home. And since September he wrote an application for "leaving for Samara to enter the pedagogical institute from September 1 to September 6, 1929". The same folder contains the statement of M. Trifonova. She asks to appoint her as the head of the hut-reading room on Butyrki.
FIRST LIBRARY
In 1938, the Butyrskaya hut-reading room turns into library No. 1. Until recently, employees of the city library No. 1 considered 1941 the date of its opening, citing the fact that an inventory book has been kept since that year. The search for a decision of the city executive committee "brought" me to 1938. Firstly, because in one of the certificates on the work of the city's libraries in 1950, the director of the Book Palace Elizaveta Perukhina says that ... "the first library has existed since 1938". Having plunged into the documents of the pre-war period, I found the "Cost estimate for 1 city library in 1938". However, where is the decision of the City Council?
"Proletarskiy Put" dated May 28, 1937 publishes a note by N. Sokolova "Forgotten Outskirts". She writes that in the city “little attention is paid to the outskirts. Take, for example, old and new Butyrka. There is no club here, not even a small reading room. " As we know, there was a reading room in this area, but, perhaps, in the thirties it worked so unnoticed that N. Sokolova did not notice it. One way or another, the authorities read the note and made their own conclusions. From the minutes of the section of public education and the elimination of illiteracy on January 28, 1938, its head Peter Kradenov spoke "... about the need to open a library under the mountain, where a secondary school is also needed, since the population there will be increased in the future." At the meeting it was decided to provide for the opening of one library on the outskirts of the city in the budget for 1939. Today we know that before the war only one library was opened, the first one was opened on the fund of the former Butyrka hut-reading room. There is a document according to which the librarian E. Gladilina was hired to work in the Butyrka hut-reading room, and quit already from the city library No. 1. (It is not clear why the library on Butyrki was assigned number 1, because by that time the city Tatar library, which dates back to December 1918).
It is possible that many modern libraries "grew" out of reading rooms. Some of them survived until the mid-50s. But this is in the field. City huts-reading rooms by themselves ceased to exist even before the war, the very phrase "hut-reading room" has become a thing of the past. And after the war, the growth of libraries began. The second city library (now library number 4) and the first children's library (now library number 24) opened in the 46th. Three years later, in May 1949, documents were signed on the opening of the city library No. 3 (40-letiya Oktyabrya street, 33). In the first half of the fifties, half of the libraries currently existing in the city were opened in the city: from the 4th to the 11th. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin - in 1969 and 1970 - seven more libraries appeared in Ulyanovsk. One of the last, opened on the territory of the city, was the 30th children's library (1990). In 1967, the second city library became Central. Since 1974, centralization has taken place in the city: the city's libraries have become a single library system. Its first director was L.A. Ogneva, then V.M. Poletaeva. Since 1992, the city's library system has been managed by the Honored Worker of the Russian Federation R.M. Gimatdinova.
SUBURBAN LIBRARIES
In December 2006, ten suburban libraries joined the city's library system. Each of them has its own story. It is possible that the date of opening of the hut-reading room should be considered the date of opening of many rural libraries. As we remember, they operated in almost every large village in the Ulyanovsk region. This is mentioned in the list of reading rooms of the Ulyanovsk region by the instructor of political education at GORONO Vyugov. In a report dated September 26, 1936, he lists that reading huts operated in the villages of Zagudaevka and Volostnikovka. Biryuchevka, Novy Uren, Karlinsky, Herring, Mostovoy, Shumovka, Vyshki, Poldomasovo, Isheevka, Vinnovka, Vyrypaevka and others ... 8 libraries. From the reports for each library, it is clear that in the huts-reading rooms there is an accordion, a gramophone, a balalaika, and in some there is a radio receiver. Most have books, but not all. Booksellers bring books to such reading huts.
From the documents related to the work of reading rooms, we learn that many libraries and reading rooms are occupied "for other needs": for example, in Bely Klyuch, Kuvshinovka and Elshanka, grain was stored in reading rooms.
An interesting fact: in the thirties the press (in particular, the newspaper "Proletarskiy Put") willingly covered the work of the reading rooms. In the issue for September 1, 1937. we are talking about a hut-reading room with. Belyi Klyuch (now - branch library number 32). “… A good library, beautiful paintings, but the villagers rarely visit it. Izbach Sokolova (Lyakhova) poorly organizes cultural work ”. Another note criticizes the chairman of the board of the collective farm "Sviyaga" Tikhonov, who does not understand the role of the hut. Tikhonov makes Guryanov's hut to be ... a hairdresser. "You won't be a hairdresser," Tikhonov threatens, "I'll take you off work."
CONCLUSION
Recreating the history of small and seemingly unnoticeable cultural institutions is an important part of preserving social memory. It is possible that it was in such small cultural institutions that our parents or grandparents read their first books. Studying the history of individual libraries and the library system as a whole is an important part of the history of the cultural development of the city. Librarianship has at all times been an indicator of the level of literacy and intelligence of the people. Information about how many libraries there were in the city, where they were located, how they worked, and even what mistakes were made in relation to these cultural institutions is part of the city's history. The reading room from which this or that modern library of the city has grown is like a "small homeland" that we love, no matter what. Unfortunately, it is impossible to cover the history of our libraries from different points of view in one article. The materials stored in our archives will be enough for hundreds of articles. I would like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Ulyanovsk archives for their help in finding materials for research on the history of reading rooms and libraries in the city of Ulyanovsk.
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