Gustav Mahler short biography for children. Gustav Mahler: biography, interesting facts, video, creativity

The person who embodied the most serious and pure artistic will of our time.
T. Mann

The great Austrian composer G. Mahler said that for him “to write a symphony means to build a new world by all means of available technology. All my life I have composed music about only one thing: how can I be happy if somewhere else another being suffers. " With such ethical maximalism, "building the world" in music, achieving a harmonious whole becomes a most difficult, barely solvable problem. Mahler, in essence, completes the tradition of philosophical classical-romantic symphonism (L. Beethoven - F. Schubert - I. Brahms - P. Tchaikovsky - A. Bruckner), which seeks to answer the eternal questions of being, to determine the place of man in the world.

At the turn of the century, the understanding of human individuality as the highest value and "container" of the entire universe experienced a particularly deep crisis. Mahler felt him keenly; and any of his symphonies is a titanic attempt to find harmony, an intense and each time a unique process of seeking truth. Mahler's creative quests led to the violation of the established ideas about the beautiful, to the seeming formlessness, incoherence, eclecticism; the composer built his monumental concepts as if from the most diverse "fragments" of a disintegrated world. This search was the key to preserving the purity of the human spirit in one of the most difficult eras in history. “I am a musician who wanders the desolate night of modern musical craft without a guiding star and is in danger of doubting everything or going astray,” Mahler wrote.

Mahler was born into a poor Jewish family in the Czech Republic. His musical abilities showed up early (at the age of 10 he gave his first public concert as a pianist). At the age of fifteen, Mahler entered the Vienna Conservatory, took composition lessons from the largest Austrian symphonist Bruckner, and at the same time attended history and philosophy courses at the University of Vienna. Soon the first works appeared: sketches for operas, orchestral and chamber music. From the age of 20, Mahler's life is inextricably linked with the work of a conductor. First - the opera houses of small towns, but soon - the largest musical centers in Europe: Prague (1885), Leipzig (1886-88), Budapest (1888-91), Hamburg (1891-97). Conducting, to which Mahler devoted himself with no less enthusiasm than composing music, consumed almost all of his time, and the composer worked on major works in the summer, free from theatrical duties. Very often the idea of \u200b\u200ba symphony was born out of a song. Mahler is the author of several vocal "cycles, the first of which -" Songs of the Wandering Apprentice ", written in his own words, brings to mind F. Schubert, his bright joy of communication with nature and the sorrow of a lonely, suffering wanderer. From these songs grew the First Symphony (1888), in which the pristine purity is obscured by the grotesque tragedy of life; the way to overcome darkness is to restore unity with nature.

In the following symphonies, the composer is already cramped within the framework of the classical four-movement cycle, and he expands it, and as a "carrier of the musical idea" he attracts the poetic word (F. Klopstock, F. Nietzsche). The Second, Third and Fourth Symphonies are associated with the cycle of songs "The Boy's Magic Horn". The Second Symphony, the beginning of which Mahler said that here he “buries the hero of the First Symphony,” ends with the affirmation of the religious idea of \u200b\u200bthe resurrection. In the Third, the way out is found in the introduction to the eternal life of nature, understood as the spontaneous, cosmic creativity of vital forces. “I am always very offended by the fact that most people, speaking of 'nature', always think about flowers, birds, forest scent, etc. Nobody knows the God of Dionysus, the great Pan”.

In 1897, Mahler became chief conductor of the Vienna Court Opera House, where 10 years of work became an era in the history of opera performance; in the person of Mahler, a brilliant musician-conductor and a director - the director of the performance - were combined. “For me, the greatest happiness is not that I have achieved an outwardly brilliant position, but that I have now found my homeland, my homeland". Among the creative successes of Mahler-director - operas by R. Wagner, K. V. Gluck, V. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, B. Smetana, P. Tchaikovsky ("The Queen of Spades", "Eugene Onegin", "Iolanta") ... In general, Tchaikovsky (like Dostoevsky) was in some ways close to the nervous-impulsive, explosive temperament of the Austrian composer. Mahler was also the largest symphony conductor, having toured in many countries (he visited Russia three times). The symphonies created in Vienna marked a new stage in the creative path. The fourth, in which the world is seen through the eyes of children, surprised the listeners with a previously uncharacteristic balance, stylized, neoclassical appearance and, it seemed, cloudless idyllic music. But this idyll is imaginary: the text of the song, which is the basis of the symphony, reveals the meaning of the whole work - these are only the child's dreams about the life of heaven; and among the melodies in the spirit of Haydn and Mozart, something dissonant-broken sounds.

In the next three symphonies (in which Mahler does not use poetic texts) the color is generally overshadowed - especially in the Sixth, which was named "Tragic". The figurative source of these symphonies was the cycle "Songs of Dead Children" (at F. Rückert's station). At this stage of his work, the composer seems to be no longer able to find a solution to contradictions in life itself, in nature or religion, he sees it in the harmony of classical art (the finals of the Fifth and Seventh are written in the style of the classics of the 18th century and sharply contrast with the previous parts).

The last years of his life (1907-11) Mahler spent in America (only already seriously ill, he returned to Europe for treatment). Uncompromising in the fight against routine at the Vienna Opera complicated Mahler's position and led to real persecution. He accepted an invitation to the post of conductor of the Metropolitan Opera (New York), and soon became conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

In the works of these years, the thought of death is combined with a passionate thirst to capture all earthly beauty. In the Eighth Symphony - “a symphony of a thousand participants” (enlarged orchestra, 3 choruses, soloists) - Mahler tried in his own way to implement the idea of \u200b\u200bBeethoven's Ninth Symphony: the achievement of joy in universal unity. “Imagine that the universe begins to sound and ring. It is no longer human voices that are singing, but whirling suns and planets, ”the composer wrote. The symphony uses the concluding scene of Goethe's Faust. Like the finale of Beethoven's symphony, this scene is the apotheosis of affirmation, the achievement of the absolute ideal in classical art. For Mahler, following Goethe, the highest ideal, fully attainable only in an unearthly life, is “the eternally feminine, what, according to the composer, attracts us with mystical power, that every creation (maybe even stones) with unconditional certainty feels as the center of his being. " Spiritual kinship with Goethe was constantly felt by Mahler.

Throughout Mahler's career, the cycle of songs and the symphony went hand in hand and, finally, fused together in the symphony-cantata Song of the Earth (1908). Embodying the eternal theme of life and death, Mahler turned this time to the Chinese poetry of the 8th century. Expressive flashes of drama, chamber-transparent (akin to the finest Chinese painting) lyrics and - quiet dissolution, withdrawal into eternity, reverent listening to silence, waiting - these are the features of the late Mahler's style. The Ninth and unfinished Tenth Symphonies became the "epilogue" of all creativity, farewell.

In 1955, the International Society of Gustav Mahler was created to perpetuate the memory of the composer and study his work.

Biography

Childhood

The family of Gustav Mahler came from eastern Bohemia and was of modest income, the composer's grandmother earned a peddling trade. Czech Bohemia was then part of the Austrian Empire, the Mahler family belonged to the German-speaking minority, and they were also Jewish. Hence the early feeling of exile for the future composer, “always an uninvited guest”. Gustav's father, Bernhard Mahler, became a traveling trader selling spirits, sugar and homemade products, and his mother came from a family of small soap manufacturers. Gustav was the second of 14 children (only six reached adulthood). He was born on July 7, 1860 in a modest house in the village of Kaliste (English).

Soon after the birth of Gustav, the family moved to the small industrial town of Jihlava, an island of German culture in South Moravia, where Bernhard Mahler opened a tavern. Here the future composer heard street songs, folk dances, horns and marches of the local military band - sounds that later became part of his musical palette. At the age of four, he began to master his grandfather's piano, and at the age of ten he played for the first time on stage. In 1874, his younger brother Ernst died, and the future composer tried to express feelings of grief and loss in the opera The Duke Ernst of Swabia, which has not come down to us.

Musical education

Mahler entered the Vienna Conservatory in 1875. His teachers were Julius Epstein (piano), Robert Fuchs (harmony) and Franz Krenn (composition). He also studied with the composer and organist Anton Bruckner, but was not considered his student.

At the conservatory, Mahler became friends with the future composer Hugo Wolff. Not ready to put up with the harsh discipline of the educational institution, Wolf was expelled, and the less rebellious Mahler escaped this threat by writing a letter of repentance to the director of the conservatory, Helmesberger.

Mahler may have gotten his first experience as a conductor in the student orchestra of his alma mater, although in this orchestra he mainly performed as a drummer.

Mahler received his degree from the Conservatory in 1878, but was unable to achieve the prestigious silver medal. At his father's insistence, he passed the entrance examinations at the University of Vienna and attended lectures on literature and philosophy for a year.

Youth

After the death of his parents in 1889, Mahler took care of his younger brothers and sisters; in particular, he took the sisters Justina and Emma to Vienna and married the musicians Arnold and Eduard Rose.

In the second half of the 1890s. Mahler survived the fascination with his student, singer Anna von Mildenburg, who, under his leadership, achieved exceptional success in the Wagnerian repertoire, including on the stage of the Vienna Royal Opera, but who married the writer Hermann Bahr.

Family life

During his second season in Vienna, in November 1901, he met Alma Schindler, the adopted daughter of the famous Austrian artist Karl Moll. At first, Alma was not happy to meet because of "scandals about him and every young woman who aspired to sing at the opera." After a dispute over the ballet of Alexander Zemlinsky (Alma was his student), Alma agreed to meet the next day. This meeting resulted in a quick marriage. Mahler and Alma were married in March 1902; Alma was by then pregnant with her first child, daughter Maria. The second daughter, Anna, was born in 1904.

The couple's friends were surprised by the marriage. Theater director Max Burkhard, a fan of Alma, called Mahler a "rickety degenerate Jew" unworthy of a beautiful girl from a good family. On the other hand, the Mahler family considered Alma too flirtatious and unreliable.

Mahler was naturally capricious and authoritarian. Alma received a musical education and even wrote music as an amateur. Mahler demanded that Alma stop her music studies, stating that there can be only one composer in the family. Despite regrets about the occupation dear to Alma's heart, their marriage was marked by expressions of intense love and passion.

In the summer of 1907, Mahler, tired of the campaign against him in Vienna, left with his family on vacation in Maria Wörth. There, both daughters fell ill. Maria died of diphtheria at the age of four. Anna recovered and later became a sculptor.

Last years

In 1907, a short time after the death of his daughter, doctors discovered that Mahler had chronic heart disease. The diagnosis was reported to the composer, which aggravated his depression. The theme of death is used in many of his last works. In 1910 he was often ill. On February 20, 1911, he had a fever and a severe sore throat. His physician, Dr. Joseph Frenkel, discovered significant purulent plaque on the tonsils and warned Mahler that he should not conduct in such a state. He, however, did not agree, considering the disease not too serious. In fact, the disease took on a threatening shape: angina gave complications to the heart, which was already functioning with difficulty. Mahler died out in just three months. He died on the night of May 18, 1911.

Mahler conductor

Mahler began his career as a conductor in 1880. In 1881 he took over as opera conductor in Ljubljana, the next year in Olomouc, then successively in Vienna, Kassel, Prague, Leipzig and Budapest. In 1891 he was appointed chief conductor of the Hamburg Opera.

In 1897 he became director of the Vienna Opera, the most prestigious position in the Austrian Empire for a musician. To be able to take office, Mahler, who was born into a Jewish family but an unbeliever, formally converted to Catholicism. During ten years of being a director, Mahler has updated the repertoire of the Vienna Opera and brought it to a leading position in Europe. In 1907, as a result of intrigue, he was replaced at the director's post.

In 1908 he was invited to conduct at the Metropolitan Opera, spent one season there and was replaced by Arturo Toscanini, who was extremely popular in the United States. In 1909, he became Principal Conductor of the reorganized New York Philharmonic Orchestra, in this post he remained until the end of his life.

Mahler's conducting talent was highly appreciated: "step by step he helps the orchestra to conquer the symphony, with the finest finishing of the smallest details, he does not lose sight of the whole for a moment" - wrote Guido Adler about Mahler, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who in 1892 listened to Mahler in Hamburg Opera, in a private letter called him a genius.

Mahler - composer

Mahler was a remarkable symphonist, the author of ten symphonies (the last, the Tenth, remained an unfinished author). All of them occupy a central place in the world symphonic repertoire. Also widely known is his epic "Song of the Earth", a symphony with vocals to the words of medieval Chinese poets. Mahler's Songs of the Wandering Apprentice and Songs of Dead Children, as well as a cycle of songs based on folk motives, The Boy's Magic Horn, are widely performed all over the world. A. V. Ossovsky was one of the first critics to highly appreciate the works of Mahler, and welcomed his performances in Russia.

Three creative periods

Musicologists note three distinct periods in Mahler's life: the long first period, stretching from the work on Das klagende Lied in 1878-1880 to the end of the songbook Des Knaben Wunderhorn in 1901, a more intense "middle period" ending with Mahler's departure for New York in 1907, and a brief "late period" of elegiac work until his death in 1911.

The main works of the first period are the first four symphonies, the cycle "Songs of the wandering apprentice" (Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen) and various collections of songs, among which stands out "The boy's magic horn" (Des Knaben Wunderhorn). During this period, songs and symphonies are closely related, and symphonic works are programmatic; for the first three symphonies, Mahler originally published extensive programs.

The middle period consists of a triptych of purely instrumental symphonies (fifth, sixth and seventh), songs based on poems by Rückert and Songs of Dead Children (Kindertotenlieder). The choral Eighth Symphony stands apart, which some musicologists regard as an independent stage between the second and third periods of the composer's work. By this time, Mahler had already abandoned explicit programs and descriptive names, he wanted to write "absolute" music that would speak for itself. The songs of this period have lost much of their folklore character and have ceased to be used in symphonies as clearly as before.

Works of the brief final period are "Song of the Earth" (Das Lied von der Erde), Ninth and (unfinished) Tenth Symphonies. They express Mahler's personal experiences on the eve of death. Each essay ends quietly, showing that aspiration gives way to humility. Derik Cook believes that these works are more loving than a bitter farewell to life; composer Alban Berg called the Ninth Symphony "the most amazing thing Mahler ever wrote." None of these latter works were performed during Mahler's lifetime.

Style

Mahler was one of the last major composers of the music of Romanticism, closing the row that included Beethoven, Schubert, Liszt, Wagner and Brahms, among others. Many of the characteristics of Mahler's music come from these predecessors. So, from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, the idea came to use soloists and a choir in the genre of a symphony. From Beethoven and Liszt came the concept of writing music with a "program" (explanatory text), and a departure from the traditional format of a symphony in four movements. The example of Wagner and Bruckner encouraged Mahler to expand the scope of his symphonic works far beyond the previously accepted standards to include the whole world of emotions.

Early critics argued that Mahler's adoption of many different styles to express different kinds of feelings meant that he lacked his own style; Deryk Cook claims that Mahler "paid for the borrowings with his own imprint on almost every note," producing music of "outstanding originality." Music critic Harold Schonberg sees the essence of Mahler's music in the theme of struggle, in the tradition of Beethoven. However, according to Schonberg, Beethoven was fighting "an indomitable and triumphant hero", while Mahler was a "mental weakling, a complaining teenager who ... took advantage of his suffering, wanting the whole world to see him suffer." Nonetheless, Schonberg admits, most symphonies contain parts in which Mahler's brilliance as a musician overcomes and overshadows Mahler as a "deep thinker."

The combination of song and symphonic forms in Mahler's music is organic, his songs naturally turn into parts of a symphony, being symphonic from the beginning. Mahler was convinced that “a symphony should be like the world. It should cover everything. " Following this belief, Mahler drew material from many sources for his songs and symphonic works: cries of birds and cow bells for pictures of nature and countryside, horns, street melodies and village dances for pictures of the forgotten world of childhood. A technique often used by Mahler is "progressive key", the resolution of symphonic conflict in a key other than the initial one.

Value

By the time of the composer's death in 1911, more than 260 performances of his symphonies had taken place in Europe, Russia and America. Most often, 61 times, the Fourth Symphony was performed. During his lifetime, Mahler's work and performances attracted great interest, but rarely received positive reviews from professionals. A mixture of delight, horror and critical disdain was a constant reaction to Mahler's new symphonies, although the songs were better received. Almost the only unclouded triumph during Mahler's lifetime was the premiere of the Eighth Symphony in Munich in 1910, billed as the Symphony of a Thousand. At the end of the symphony, the applause lasted half an hour.

Before the Nazis banned Mahler's music as "degenerate", his symphonies and songs were performed in concert halls in Germany and Austria, and were especially popular in Austria during the Austrofascist era (1934-1938). At this time, the regime, with the help of the widow of the composer Alma Mahler and his friend, conductor Bruno Walter, who were on friendly terms with Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, nominated Mahler as a national symbol, in parallel with the attitude towards Wagner in Germany.

Mahler's popularity increased with the emergence of a new, post-war, generation of music lovers, unaffected by the old polemic against romanticism that affected Mahler's reputation during the interwar years. In the years after his centenary in 1960, Mahler quickly became one of the most performed and recorded composers, and in many ways remains so.

Mahler's followers include Arnold Schoenberg and his students, who together founded the Second Vienna School (English), influenced by Kurt Weill, Luciano Berio, Benjamin Britten and Dmitri Shostakovich. In a 1989 interview, pianist-conductor Vladimir Ashkenazi said that the connection between Mahler and Shostakovich was "very strong and obvious."

A crater on Mercury is named after Mahler.

Mahler's recordings as performer

• "Walked across the field this morning." (Ging heut "morgen? Bers Feld) from the Songs of the Wandering Apprentice (Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen) cycle (with piano accompaniment).
• "I walked with joy through the green forest." (Ich ging mit Lust durch einen gr? Nen Wald) from the cycle The Boy's Magic Horn (Des Knaben Wunderhorn) (with piano accompaniment).
• "Heavenly Life". (Das himmlische Leben) Song from the cycle The Magic Boy's Horn (Des Knaben Wunderhorn) 4th movement from Symphony No. 4 (with piano accompaniment).
• 1st movement (Funeral March) from Symphony No. 5 (transcribed for piano solo).

Artworks

• Quartet in A minor (1876)
• Das klagende Lied (Sorrowful Song), cantata (1880); solo, choir and orchestra.
• Three Songs (1880)
• "R? Bezahl" fairy tale opera (1879-83)
• Fourteen Songs with Accompaniment (1882-1885)
• Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (Songs of the Wandering Apprentice), (1885-1886)
• "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" (Humoresken) (The Boy's Magic Horn), 12 songs (1892-1901)
  • "Das himmlische Leben" ("Heavenly Life") - included in Symphony No. 4 (4th movement)
• R? Ckert Lieder, songs to lyrics by Rückert (1901-1902)
• Kindertotenlieder (Songs of Dead Children), (1901-1904)
• Das Lied von der Erde (Song of the Earth), symphony-cantata (1908-1909)
• Suite from orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach (1909)
• 10 symphonies (10th not finished)

Recordings of Mahler's works

Among the conductors who have left recordings of all of Gustav Mahler's symphonies (including or excluding the Song of the Earth and the unfinished Symphony No. 10) are Claudio Abbado, Leonard Bernstein, Gary Bertini, Pierre Boulez, Eliachu Inbal, Raphael Kubelik, James Levine, Lauren Maazel, Vaclav Neumann, Seiji Ozawa, Simon Rattle, Evgeny Svetlanov, Leif Segerstam, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Klaus Tennstedt, Michael Tilson Thomas, Bernard Haitink, Devin Zinman, Ricardo Schaly, Gerald Schwartz, Georg Eescholti.

Important recordings of individual symphonies by Gustav Mahler were also made by conductors Karel Ancherl (No. 1, 5, 9), John Barbirolli (No. 2-7, 9), Rudolf Barshai (No. 5; No. 10 in his own edition), Edo de Vaart (No. 8 ), Hiroshi Vakasugi (No. 1, 8), Bruno Walter (No. 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, "Song of the Earth"), Antoni Vit (No. 2-6, 8), Valery Gergiev (No. 1-8 ), Alan Gilbert (No. 9), Michael Gilen (No. 8), Yasha Gorenstein (No. 1-4, 6-9, "Song of the Earth"), James De Priest (No. 5), Carlo Maria Giulini (No. 1, 9, "Song of the Earth"), Colin Davis (No. 8, "Song of the Earth"), Gustavo Dudamel (No. 5), Kurt Sanderling (No. 1, 9, 10), Eugen Jochum ("Song of the Earth"), Gilbert Kaplan (No. 2, Adagietto from No. 5), Herbert von Karajan (No. 4-6, 9, "Song of the Earth"),

Mahler, Gustav (Mahler, Gustav; 1860, village Kalisht, now Kalishte, Czech Republic - 1911, Vienna) - composer, conductor and opera director.

early years

The son of a poor merchant. The family had 11 children who were often ill, and some of them died.

A few months after his birth, the family moved to the neighboring town of Iglau, where Mahler spent his childhood and adolescence. Family relations were bad, and Mahler developed a dislike for his father and psychological problems from childhood. He had a weak heart (which led to an early death).

He became interested in music from the age of four. From the age of six he studied music in Prague. At the age of 10 he began performing as a pianist, at the age of 15 he was admitted to the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied in 1875–78. from Y. Epstein (piano), R. Fuchs (harmony) and T. Krenna (composition), listened to lectures on harmony by A. Bruckner, with whom he was then friends.

He was engaged in composing music, earning money teaching. When he could not win the prize of the Beethoven Competition, he decided to become a conductor and study composition in his free time.

Orchestral work

Conducted opera orchestras in Bad Hall (1880), Ljubljana (1881–82), Kassel (1883–85), Prague (1885), Budapest (1888–91), Hamburg (1891–97). In 1897, 1902 and 1907 he went on tour to Russia.

In 1897-1907. was the artistic director and chief conductor of the Vienna Opera, which reached an unprecedented flourishing thanks to Mahler. Mahler read and staged the operas of W.A.Mozart, L. Beethoven, W.R. Wagner, G.A. Rossini, G. Verdi, G. Puccini, B. Smetana, P.I. Tchaikovsky (who named Mahler a brilliant conductor), achieving a synthesis of stage action and music, theatrical and operatic art.

His reform was enthusiastically received by the enlightened public, but conflicts with officials, intrigues of ill-wishers and attacks from the tabloid press (including anti-Semitic ones) prompted Mahler to leave Vienna. In 1908-1909. he was the conductor of the Metropolitan Opera, in 1909-11. directed the Philharmonic Orchestra in New York.

Compositions

Mahler wrote mainly in the summer months. The main content of Mahler's works is a fierce, most often unequal struggle of the good, humane principle with everything base, deceitful, hypocritical, and ugly. Mahler wrote: "All my life I have composed music about only one thing - can I be happy when another creature is suffering somewhere else?" As a rule, three periods are distinguished in Mahler's work.

His monumental symphonies, stunning in drama and philosophical depth, became the artistic documents of the era:

• The first (1884–88), inspired by the idea of \u200b\u200bmerging man with nature,
• The second (1888–94) with her program "Life-Death-Immortality"
• The third (1895–96) is a pantheistic picture of the world,
• The fourth (1899-1901) - a bitter story about earthly disasters,
• Fifth (1901-1902) - an attempt to present the hero at the "highest point of life",
• Sixth ("Tragic", 1903-1904),
• Seventh (1904-1905),
• Eighth (1906), with text from Goethe's "Faust" (the so-called "Thousand Participants" symphony),
• Ninth (1909), which sounded like "farewell to life", and also
• symphony-cantata "Song of the Earth" (1907-1908).

Mahler did not manage to finish his tenth symphony.

Favorite writers of Mahler, who influenced his worldview and ideals, were I. V. Goethe, Jean Paul (I. P. F. Richter), E. T. A. Hoffmann, F. Dostoevsky, for some time F. Nietzsche.

Mahler's influence on world culture

Mahler's artistic legacy, as it were, summed up the era of musical romanticism and served as a starting point for many trends in contemporary musical art, including the expressionism of the so-called New Vienna School (A. Schoenberg and his followers), for the works of A. Honegger, B. Britten and others. to a greater extent - D. Shostakovich.

Mahler created a type of so-called symphony in songs, with singing soloists, a choir or several choirs. Mahler often used his own songs in symphonies (some of them based on his own lyrics). In an obituary for Mahler's death, it was noted that he "overcame the contradictions between symphony and drama, between absolute and programmatic, vocal and instrumental music."

Gustav Mahler. Mahler Gustav (1860 1911), Austrian composer, conductor. In 1897-1907 he was a conductor of the Vienna Court Opera. Since 1907 in the USA. He toured (in the 1890s and 1900s in Russia). Features of late romanticism, expressionism in creativity ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Mahler) (1860 1911), Austrian composer, conductor, opera director. From 1880 he was a conductor of various opera houses in Austria-Hungary, and from 1897 to 1907 he was a conductor of the Vienna Court Opera. From 1907 in the USA, conductor of the Metropolitan Opera, from 1909 also ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Mahler, Gustav) GUSTAV MALER. (1860 1911), Austrian composer and conductor. Born July 7, 1860 in Kaliszta (Czech Republic) as the second of 14 children in the family of Maria Hermann and Bernhard Mahler, a Jewish distiller. Soon after the birth of Gustav, the family moved to ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Gustav Mahler (1909) Gustav Mahler (German Gustav Mahler; July 7, 1860, Kaliste, Czech Republic May 18, 1911, Vienna) is an Austrian composer and conductor. One of the greatest symphonists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Contents ... Wikipedia

Mahler Gustav (7.7.1860, Kalisht, Czech Republic, - 18.5.1911, Vienna), Austrian composer and conductor. He spent his childhood in Jihlava, from 1875 to 1878 he studied at the Vienna Conservatory. From 1880 he worked as a conductor in small theaters in Austria-Hungary, from 1885 to 1886 in ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (7 VII 1860, Kaliste, Czech Republic 18 V 1911, Vienna) A man who embodied the most serious and pure artistic will of our time. T. Mann The great Austrian composer G. Mahler said that for him writing a symphony meant everyone ... ... Music Dictionary

- (Mahler) Bohemian composer; genus. in 1860. His main works: Märchenspiel Rübezahl, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, 5 symphonies, Das klagende Lied (solo, chorus and orc.), Humoresken for orc., romances ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Mahler, Gustav the composer (1860 1911). A talented conductor (he also conducted in St. Petersburg), Mahler is interesting as a composer, mainly due to the breadth of design and grandiose architectonics of his symphonic works, which, however, suffer ... Biographical Dictionary

Mahler, Gustav This term has other meanings, see Mahler (meanings). Gustav Mahler (1909) Gustav Mahler (German Gustav Mahler; July 7, 1860, Kaliste ... Wikipedia

- (1909) Gustav Mahler (German Gustav Mahler; July 7, 1860, Kaliste, Czech Republic May 18, 1911, Vienna) Austrian composer and conductor. One of the greatest symphonists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Contents ... Wikipedia

Books

• Symphony No. 7, Mahler Gustav. Reprinted sheet music edition of Mahler, Gustav "Symphony No. 7". Genres: Symphonies; For orchestra; Scores featuring the orchestra; For piano 4 hands (arr); Scores featuring the piano; Scores ...
• Gustav Mahler. Letters. Memories, Gustav Mahler. Compilation, introductory article and notes by I. Barsova. Translated from German by S. Osherov. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1964 edition (publishing house `Music`). ...