On August 11, 1962 at 11:30 a.m. another Vostok-3 spacecraft was launched. The spacecraft was piloted by cosmonaut Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolaev. The ship weighing 4722 kilograms was put into orbit around the Earth with an apogee of 234.6 kilometers and a perigee of 180.7 kilometers.
After entering the orbit, A. G. Nikolaev began the implementation of the space flight program. And it was very complex, full of various kinds of research and experiments. Making a turn after a turn around our planet, the cosmonaut was waiting for the launch of his friend Pavel Romanovich Popovich. It happened within a day. At 11:02:33 on August 12, 1962, the Vostok-4 spacecraft with cosmonaut P. R. Popovich launched. The ship was launched into orbit with an altitude of 236.7 kilometers at apogee and 179.8 kilometers at perigee.
The world's first group space flight of two manned Soviet spacecraft-satellites "Vostok-3" and "Vostok-4" began. Here are the main parameters of this group flight. The highest altitude was: at Vostok-3 on the 17th orbit, 229.8 kilometers, at Vostok-4, at the 1st orbit, 236.7 kilometers. The lowest altitude: on the 17th orbit, Vostok-3 had 178 kilometers, at Vostok-4 on the 1st orbit, 179.8 kilometers. The speed of spacecraft-satellites when passing the point of the orbit with the maximum height above the Earth's surface was: for Vostok-3 on the 17th orbit 7.81 kilometers per second, for Vostok-4 on the 1st orbit - 7.82 kilometers per second. The smallest distance between them was 6.5 kilometers. At that moment, the flight altitude above the Earth's surface was 180 kilometers for Vostok-3, and 184.5 kilometers for Vostok-4. This point was taken as the beginning of the group (joint) flight. True, by this time the FAI had not yet managed to develop new regulations on the registration of group space flights. This issue was decided by the International Aviation Federation only in March 1963.
Cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich in this joint flight had to perform many different kinds of research and experiments related to the solution of new biomedical and scientific and technical problems. These included: studying the effect of long-term space flight and especially the state of weightlessness on the basic physiological functions of a person, elucidating the features of the course of the daily periodicity of physiological processes in conditions of long-term orbital flight around the Earth, assessing the psychological state and working capacity of cosmonauts in various parts of the flight, determining the effectiveness of selection and training methods cosmonauts, checking the possibilities of coordinated actions of two crews in flight and the efficiency of all structural elements of spacecraft, especially life support systems. Successful fulfillment of the task made it possible for scientists, designers and cosmonauts to solve promising issues of increasing the duration of space flights, preparing operations for rendezvous and docking of ships, creating long-term orbital stations, etc.
As we know, cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich in the process of a group flight on the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft checked the operation of all onboard systems of spacecraft, established radio communications with each other and with ground stations , performed psychological, physiological and vestibular tests, carried out medical self-control, recorded the pulse, respiratory rate, tolerance of overloads, noise, vibration, weightlessness, ate food, oriented ships in space using manual control systems, filmed, etc.
The second day of the flight was coming to an end. Cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich were preparing to complete the group flight. On August 14, together with the meeting group, we flew by helicopter to the landing site of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 ships. The weather was sunny and hot.
On August 15, 1962, a dot appeared at an altitude of 7,000 meters, above it was a parachute dome. I write in my notebook: “August 15, 1962, at 09:39:59, Pilot-Cosmonaut A. G. Nikolaev separated from the Vostok-3 spacecraft. Landed at 9 hours 52 minutes near the city of Karkaralinsk, Karaganda region. The Vostok-3 satellite landed at 09:44:09 in the same area.
At 09:59, P. R. Popovich landed near the village of Atasu in the Karaganda region. Both cosmonauts, as well as the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, landed in Kazakhstan, at a latitude of 48 degrees, as was planned by the flight program.
As a result of data processing in the coordination and computing center on the Vostok-3 flight, it was found that the distance traveled in space by this spacecraft was 2,639,600 kilometers, and that of the Vostok-4 spacecraft was 1,982,050 kilometers. The flight of A. G. Nikolaev on the ship "Vostok-3" lasted 94 hours 09 minutes 59 seconds, and P. R. Popovich - 70 hours 43 minutes 48 seconds. The duration of the world's first group flight of two Soviet cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich on satellites Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 was 70 hours 23 minutes 38 seconds, and the range of this flight was 1 million 975 thousand 200 kilometers.
Thus, A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich set the first world records for the duration and range of a group space flight in the class of orbital flights.
The formation flight of A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich was recognized by the FAI as an outstanding achievement in space exploration. The International Aviation Federation awarded the cosmonauts with the Cosmos Gold Medal. The achievement of the USSR pilot-cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich showed that spacecraft of the Vostok type can be flown for a long time.
In this flight, cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich for the first time freed themselves from seat belts, separated from their chair and were in “free floating” (in weightlessness): Andriyan Nikolaev in four sessions for a total of 3.5 hours, in Pavel Popovich in three sessions - about 3 hours.
For the first time, Soviet people and residents of most European countries, through Soviet television channels and through the Intervision system, watched the cosmonauts swim inside the cabin, saw how both cosmonauts made observations, maintained radio contact with the Earth, and also carried out orientation.
The group flight of cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich on the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft outlined new ways of carrying out even more complex and lengthy space flights.
12.04.1961. At 6:07 a.m., the 8K72 launch vehicle, later called the Vostok launch vehicle, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which launched the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 3KA No. 3 into low Earth orbit. For the first time in the world, a spaceship with a man on board broke into the expanses of the Universe.
The ship was piloted by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. The launch of the world's first spacecraft was supervised by Chief Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, as well as A.S. Kirillov and L.A. Voskresensky.
The Vostok spacecraft was launched into orbit with the following parameters: orbital inclination - 64.95 degrees; circulation period - 89.34 minutes; the minimum distance from the Earth's surface (in perigee) is 181 km; the maximum distance from the Earth's surface (at apogee) is 327 km.
The flight lasted 1 hour 48 minutes. After completing one revolution around the Earth, the descent module of the ship landed on the territory of the USSR in the Saratov region. In accordance with the planned program, at an altitude of several kilometers from the Earth's surface, the cosmonaut ejected and landed on a parachute near the descent vehicle. The cosmonaut landed at 10:55 local time on soft arable land near the banks of the Volga near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.
21.08.1957. The first launch of the intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 took place. This day is considered the day of the creation of an intercontinental ballistic missile - a basic rocket, modifications of which have been used for almost 50 years to launch into space, first automatic satellites and stations, and then manned spacecraft.
03.11.1957 The Second Soviet AES was launched - the world's first artificial Earth satellite with a living being. On board was the dog Laika. The mass of the satellite is 508.3 kg. The satellite made 2570 revolutions around the Earth.
The third Soviet satellite (05/15/1958) was the world's first satellite for scientific research. It was launched into orbit by the 8A91 №B1-2 launch vehicle. The mass of the satellite was 1327 kg, and it existed in orbit for 692 days, more than twice the estimated time. Particular attention was paid to the verification of solar panels used for the first time.
02.01.1959. At 16:41, the Vostok launch vehicle was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which brought the Soviet automatic interplanetary station Luna-1 to the flight path to the Moon.
04.01.1959 "Luna-1" passed at a distance of 6000 kilometers from the surface of the Moon and entered the heliocentric orbit. It became the world's first artificial satellite of the Sun.
12.09.1959 AMS "Luna-2" launched to the Moon. The next day, Luna-2 reached the surface of the moon for the first time in the world, delivering a pennant with the emblem of the USSR to the moon.
07.10.1959 AMS "Luna-3" transmitted to Earth the first images of the far (invisible) side of the Moon.
15.05.1960 The Vostok launch vehicle launched the First satellite ship into orbit, and on August 19, 1960, the Second Vostok-type satellite ship was launched, with the dogs Belka and Strelka on board. 08/20/1960 Belka and Strelka returned safely to Earth. For the first time in the world, living beings, having been in space, returned to Earth.
06.08.1961 the flight of the Soviet spacecraft "Vostok-2" with G. Titov began. It lasted 1 day 1 hour 18 minutes. During this flight, the astronaut made the first filming of the Earth from space.
The first group flight in outer space in the history of mankind was made on the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft (08/15/1962).
In 1963, the first space flight of a female cosmonaut (V.V. Tereshkova) took place.
12.10.1964 The Voskhod launch vehicle launched the Soviet spacecraft Voskhod into orbit. The world's first flight of a multi-seat spacecraft. Cosmonauts V. Komarov, K. Feoktistov, B. Egorov for the first time in the world flew without spacesuits. On March 18, 1965, for the first time in the world, a man went out into outer space (cosmonaut A. Leonov, Voskhod-2) and his free flight in outer space.
12.02.1961. At 0:34, the Molniya launch vehicle was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which for the first time in history brought the Soviet automatic interplanetary station Venera-1 onto the flight path to Venus. During this flight, for the first time in the world, two-way communication was carried out with a station remote at 1,400,000 km.
01.11.1962. At 16:14, the first successful launch towards Mars took place. AMS "Mars-1" conducted research into interplanetary space, tested deep space communications (10,000,000 km), and on July 19, 1963, it made the world's first flyby of Mars.
11/12/1965 at 05:02 The Molniya launch vehicle put the Venera-2 station on a flight path to Venus. She flew at a distance of 24,000 km from Venus. And on March 1, 1966, the Venera-3 station reached the surface of Venus for the first time, delivering a pennant to the USSR. It was the world's first flight of a spacecraft from Earth to another planet.
03.02.1966. The Soviet automatic station "Luna-9" at 18:45 was the first in the world to make a soft landing on the lunar surface, after which it transmitted a panoramic image of the lunar surface. On April 3, 1966, the Luna-10 station became the world's first artificial satellite of the Moon.
18.10.1967. The Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Venera-4" reached Venus. The AMS descent vehicle made a smooth descent in the atmosphere of Venus and reached its surface. The signal from the station during the descent was received up to an altitude of 24.96 km. On May 16 and 17, 1969, Venera-5 and Venera-6 made a smooth descent in the atmosphere of Venus, transmitting scientific information up to a height of 10 kilometers from the surface. On December 15, 1970, the Venera-7 descent vehicle made a smooth parachute descent in the atmosphere of Venus, reached the surface, after which the signals from the vehicle were received for another 23 minutes. 07/22/1972 AMS "Venera-8" for the first time landed on the illuminated side of the planet Venus.
16.07.1965. At 11:16 a.m., the UR-500 (Proton) carrier rocket was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which launched the Soviet Proton-1 satellite into near-Earth orbit to study cosmic rays and interact with ultra-high-energy matter. The spacecraft was launched into orbit with the following parameters: orbital inclination - 63.5 degrees; circulation period - 92.45 min.; the minimum distance from the Earth's surface is 190 km; the maximum distance from the Earth's surface is 627 km.
02.11.1965. The UR-500 launch vehicle launched the Soviet Proton-2 satellite into orbit.
The creation of the Proton heavy-class launch vehicles, upper stages and automatic interplanetary stations (spacecraft) of the third generation made it possible to achieve the following remarkable results.
02.03.1968. The Proton-K launch vehicle with the upper stage "D" put the Soviet unmanned spacecraft "Zond-4" on the flight path to the Moon. 03/05/1968. The Soviet spacecraft Zond-4 circled the Moon and switched to a return trajectory to Earth.
14.09.1968. At 21:42, the Proton-K launch vehicle launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which brought the Soviet unmanned spacecraft Zond-5 to the lunar flight path. On board were living creatures: turtles, fruit flies, worms, plants, bacteria. 09/18/1968 "Zond-5" circled the Moon, passing at a minimum distance from its surface of 1960 kilometers. From a distance of 90,000 kilometers, a high-resolution survey of the Earth was made. On September 21, 1968, the Zond-5 descent vehicle splashed down in the Indian Ocean. For the first time in the world, the station, having circled the Moon, successfully returned to Earth with the second cosmic velocity.
10.11.1968. At 19:11, Zond-6 was launched, which circled the Moon on November 14, 1968, passing at a distance of 2420 kilometers from its surface. During the flyby, panoramic photographs of the visible and far sides of the lunar surface were taken. 11/17/1968 "Zond-6" landed in a given area on the territory of the USSR.
On August 11, 1969, the Soviet spacecraft Zond-7 circled the Moon at a minimum distance of about 1200 kilometers from its surface, and on August 14, 1969 it landed in a given region of the USSR.
12.09.70. At 13:25, the Proton-K carrier rocket was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which put the Soviet automatic interplanetary station Luna-16 on a flight path to the Moon. On September 20, 1970, at 05:18, the Luna-16 automatic interplanetary station made a soft landing on the Moon. On September 21, 1970, at 07:43, the Luna-16 reentry vehicle launched from the surface of the Moon. Before the launch, samples of lunar soil were taken, which were delivered to Earth on September 24, 1970.
10.11.70. At 14:44, the Proton-K launch vehicle launched the Luna-17 automatic interplanetary station with the Lunokhod-1 self-propelled vehicle on board the flight path to the Moon. On 11/17/70 at 03:47 Luna 17 made a soft landing on the Moon. Two and a half hours later, Lunokhod-1 descended the ladder from the landing platform, starting the program.
The Luna-21 AMS with the Lunokhod-2 self-propelled vehicle was launched by the Proton launch vehicle on 01/08/1973. And the Luna-24 station, launched on 08/09/1976, delivered lunar soil to Earth during the world's first automatic drilling to a depth of 2 meters.
02.12.1971. At 13:47, the descent vehicle of the Mars-3 automatic interplanetary station made a soft landing on the surface of Mars. 1.5 minutes after landing, the station was brought into working condition and began to transmit a video signal to Earth.
A new word in space technology was the creation of long-term orbital stations, from the world's first manned orbital station Salyut (launch of the Proton launch vehicle with the Salyut station on April 19, 1971) to the multifunctional orbital complex - the legendary Mir station (launching into orbit base unit of the Mir station with the Proton carrier rocket took place on 02/20/1986), with the further introduction of the Kvant (03/31/1987), Kvant-2 (11/26/1989), Kristall (05/31/1990) modules , "Spectrum" (05.20.1995) and "Nature" (04.23.1996).
Thus, during the flight of the first long-term orbital station of the third generation Salyut-6, for the first time, more than 1550 experimental studies were carried out on a spacecraft, using more than 150 types of scientific instruments with a total mass of more than 2200 kg.
Ensuring the operability of these stations would be impossible without solving such problems as:
- implementation of the world's first automatic docking and undocking of unmanned spacecraft "Cosmos-186" and "Cosmos-188" 10/30/1967;
- the creation of automatic interplanetary stations "Zond", which, after flying around the moon, successfully returned to Earth with a second cosmic velocity;
- automatic rendezvous, manual berthing and docking of two manned spacecraft "Soyuz-5" and "Soyuz-4" 01/14/15/1969 (creation of the first experimental orbital station), when for the first time in the world the transfer of cosmonauts in space from one ship to another was carried out;
- carrying out transportation operations for the delivery of fuel to the Salyut station for refueling propulsion systems, as well as food and equipment for life support and scientific research. The flight of the first transport ship in the history of cosmonautics (“Progress”) was completed, with the delivery of cargo, 01/20-01/08/1978.
In 1978, the beginning of a broad international integration for the implementation of joint space programs was laid, in which Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Romania, France, India, Syria, Afghanistan, Japan, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, Austria took part , Germany.
In 1984, the first spacewalk of a female cosmonaut (SE Savitskaya) was carried out.
In 1986, for the first time, an interorbital flight of cosmonauts from one orbital station to another and back was performed (Mir - Salyut-7 - Mir).
In 1995, the record-breaking flight of cosmonaut V.V. Polyakov (438 days) under the program of increasing the duration of man's stay in space ended. Prior to that, there were flights lasting 18 days, 1970; 23 days, 1971; 63 days, 1975; 184 days, 1980; 237 days, 1984; 366 days, 1988, as well as the longest flight of a female cosmonaut (E.V. Kondakova): 169 days, 1995.
In 1995, the first docking of large mass vehicles was carried out: the Mir orbital station with a mass of 105 tons and the American space shuttle Shuttle with a mass of 104 tons. For the first time, the orbital manned complex "Mir-Shuttle" was created with a combined crew of 10 people.
In 1996, for the first time, the 10-year milestone of permanent operation of the Mir station in a continuous manned mode was overcome. In total, the station operated in orbit until 2001.
20.11.1998. The Proton launch vehicle launched the first Zarya block of the International Space Station (ISS) into orbit. 07/12/2000 The Proton launch vehicle launched the Zvezda ISS module into orbit.
05/15/1987 at 17:30:00 The first test launch of the Energia launch vehicle was carried out from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch of the launch vehicle was successful. Despite problems with the upper stage of the satellite, this was a brilliant triumph for the Energia launch vehicle. The machine worked flawlessly in the first test flight. Due to its high technical characteristics, the world's leading specialists in space technology even compared these first two launches (05/15/1987 and 11/15/1988) in importance with the launch of the First Artificial Earth Satellite on October 4, 1957. Thus, the Energiya launch vehicle made it possible to launch into orbit a payload approximately 3 times larger in mass than the most powerful existing US rocket and space systems.
11/15/1988 at 03:00:01 The Energiya-Buran launch vehicle was launched, which launched the Soviet MTKK Buran into low-Earth orbit. The MTKK was launched into orbit with the following parameters: orbital inclination - 51.6 degrees; circulation period - 89.5 minutes; the minimum distance from the Earth's surface (at perigee) is 252 km; the maximum distance from the Earth's surface (at apogee) is 266 km. The reusable spacecraft "Buran" for the first time in the world carried out an automatic landing on Earth.
The Energia-Buran rocket and space system was many years ahead of its time, and in a number of characteristics it significantly surpassed the existing foreign space equipment.
Flight into Space by German Stepanovich Titov August 6, 1961 German Titov made the first daily flight into space. It was the first daily flight into space in the world, and also the second flight into space in the history of mankind. At the time of the flight, German Titov was one month away from 26 years old, and he is the youngest of all cosmonauts who have been in space.
Titov's flight lasted as much as 25 hours and 11 minutes. During this long time, German Stepanovich made 17 orbits around the Earth. Having made a flight into space in August 1961, Titov showed by personal example that with the proper level of training, a person can live and work in space. During the 25 hours of flight, Titov managed to do a lot. Herman took pictures of our planet, dined for the first time in a state of weightlessness and even managed to sleep.
The Altai Optical Laser Center (AOLC) is located in the Zmeinogorsk region of the Altai Territory on the border of the Pre-Altai Plain and the Kolyvan Range. In terms of the number of clear weather, the AOLC occupies one of the best places on the territory of the Russian Federation with the number of clear night hours per year, the number of clear nights per year is 160, and taking into account the semi-clear nights suitable for RS observation, the number of working nights is about 240, with an approximately equal distribution in winter and summer. The Altai Optical Laser Center (AOLC) consists of two ground-based optical laser systems (NOLS) and infrastructure facilities. The first NOLS with a trajectory measurement telescope with a main mirror diameter of 0.6 m and a laser rangefinder operating on Lageos, GLONASS and other spacecraft equipped with laser retroreflectors was put into operation in 2004 along with infrastructure facilities. NOLS TTI is used for trajectory and photometric control at the stages of launching and insertion into target orbits, including geostationary ones, of new spacecraft, as well as to control the deployment and operation of spacecraft in orbits.
General view of the second phase (project) of the AOLC with a telescope of 3.12 m The system will be used primarily to obtain detailed images of low-orbit spacecraft.
On June 16-19, 1963, Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in the world to fly into space on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. The flight duration was 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes. Those seventy hours were a living hell for her. Almost all the time, Valentina was continuously sick and vomited. But she tried to hold on - reports were sent to Earth: "I am" Seagull ". The flight is going well." Despite the physical discomfort, she survived 48 revolutions around the Earth and during this time kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the atmosphere. Photo
The Vostok-6 descent vehicle landed safely in the Altai Territory.
The Vostok-6 descent vehicle and the landing site in the Altai Territory.
A crater on the Moon and the minor planet 1671 Chaika are named after her. She was given the honorary title "The Greatest Woman of the 20th Century".
Lazarev Vasily Grigorievich Lazarev Vasily Grigorievich () - USSR pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, colonel, was born on February 23, 1928 in the village of Poroshino, Kytmanovsky district, Altai Territory, in a peasant family.
He made his first space flight from September 27 to 29, 1973, together with Oleg Grigorievich Makarov, as the commander of the Soyuz-12 spacecraft. The flight duration was 1 day 23 hours 15 minutes 23 seconds. On April 5, 1975, he began his second flight together with Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov as commander of the Soyuz-18/1 spacecraft. The flight program included work on board the Salyut-4 orbital station. At the launch site, a failure occurred in the operation of the third stage of the launch vehicle and the flight was aborted. The descent vehicle with the astronauts was separated from the launch vehicle and made a suborbital flight into space. The flight duration was 21 minutes 27 seconds. For 2 space flights flew 1 day 23 hours 36 minutes 50 seconds. Later he worked as a commander of a group of cosmonauts at the Yu.A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
One of the creators of the GLONASS satellite navigation system, Honored Worker of Geodesy and Cartography, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences of the Russian Federation, Colonel Viktor Fedorovich Galazin Born on May 15, 1947 in the village of Pospelikha, Altai Territory. Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1999 in the field of science and technology for the work "The system of geodetic parameters of the Earth for national defense and civilian use."
Viktor Fedorovich was the initiator of the introduction of satellite geodetic equipment into the practice of topographic and geodetic work, the organizer of the study of the first satellite geodetic receiver, which simultaneously receives signals from the GLONASS and GPS space navigation systems. The memory of his outstanding countryman is kept in his homeland. In the Pospelikha Museum of Local Lore, V.F. The stand “From the native porch to space distances” is dedicated to Galazin, his name is also on the Memorial plaque at Pospelikha secondary school 1, where Viktor Fedorovich studied. 25 Soyuz-TMA in orbit
On August 6-7, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut German Stepanovich TITOV made the world's first daily space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, becoming the SECOND cosmonaut in the history of astronautics.
The space expedition of German TITOV, like the flight of Yuri GAGARIN, has become a part of the glorious history of Russian cosmonautics. The flight duration was 25 hours 18 minutes. The spacecraft made 17 revolutions around the Earth, flying more than 700 thousand kilometers.
During the flight, the image of TITOV was transmitted to Earth via radio telemetry channels. Doctors constantly monitored the state of his health, analyzed physiological data. Sergei Pavlovich KOROLEV, General Designer of the USSR Rocket and Space Industry, who supervised the mission from Earth, said this about TITOV: “German Stepanovich’s remarkable features are speed of reaction, quick wits, composure and, probably, the most valuable thing is observation, the ability for serious analysis. With the importance of all others, the last two qualities in this flight are of particular importance.
Soviet cosmonaut German TITOV took the first photographs of the Earth, had lunch and dinner for the first time in weightlessness, and, most importantly, managed to sleep in space, which became one of the most important experiments in the era of the beginning of manned space exploration. For the first time it was proved that in conditions of weightlessness a person remains able to work during the day, and, therefore, it is possible to live and work in space.
German Stepanovich TITOV was a member of the first cosmonaut corps from 1960 to 1970. In April 1961, on the eve of the first manned flight into space, it was he who was appointed understudy for Yuri Alekseevich GAGARIN.
The initial stage of space exploration (flights on the Vostok and Voskhod spacecraft) included issues of designing spacecraft and their systems, ground-based flight control systems, methods for launching spacecraft from orbit, searching for and meeting astronauts on the ground.
The world's first manned space flight took place on April 12, 1961. At 6:00 7:00, the Vostok-K72K launch vehicle was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome from launch pad No. 1, which launched the Soviet Vostok spacecraft into low-Earth orbit.
The spacecraft was piloted by Yuri Gagarin (the call sign of the first cosmonaut of the Earth is "Kedr"). The understudy was German Titov, the reserve cosmonaut was Grigory Nelyubov. The flight lasted 1 hour 48 minutes. After completing one revolution around the Earth, the descent module of the ship landed on the territory of the USSR in the Saratov region.
First daily space flight made by cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov from August 6 to 7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 spacecraft.
First formation flight of two ships- "Vostok-3" (cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayevich Nikolaev) and "Vostok-4" (cosmonaut Pavel Romanovich Popovich) took place on August 11-15, 1962.
The world's first space flight by a woman carried out by Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova from June 16 to June 19, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.
October 12, 1964 launched the first multi-seat spacecraft "Voskhod". The crew of the ship included cosmonauts Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov, Boris Borisovich Egorov.
The first human spacewalk in history carried out by Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov during the expedition on March 18-19, 1965 (spacecraft Voskhod-2, the crew included Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev). Alexei Leonov retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 meters, spent 12 minutes 9 seconds in open space outside the airlock.
The next stage of the Russian manned cosmonautics is the creation of the Soyuz multi-purpose spacecraft, capable of performing complex maneuvers in orbit, rendezvous and docking with other spacecraft, and long-term Salyut orbital stations.
The first flight on the new spacecraft "Soyuz-1" made on April 23-24, 1967 by cosmonaut Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov. At the end of the flight program, when during the descent to Earth the main parachute of the descent vehicle did not come out, Vladimir Komarov died.
First joint flight of three ships: "Soyuz-6", "Soyuz-7" and "Soyuz-8" was held from 11 to 18 October 1969. The crews of the ships included cosmonauts Georgy Stepanovich Shonin, Valery Nikolaevich Kubasov, Anatoly Vasilyevich Filipchenko, Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov, Viktor Vasilyevich Gorbatko, Vladimir Alexandrovich Shatalov, Alexei Stanislavovich Eliseev.
From 1 to 19 June 1969 first long-term autonomous space flight performed by Andriyan Nikolayevich Nikolaev and Vitaly Ivanovich Sevastyanov on the Soyuz-9 spacecraft.
The first long-term work in space orbit from June 6 to 30, 1971, cosmonauts Georgy Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov, Viktor Ivanovich Patsaev did it on the Soyuz-11 spacecraft. When returning to Earth, the descent vehicle depressurized, the crew of the spacecraft died.
January 11, 1975 began first expedition to the Salyut-4 space station(crew: Alexey Alexandrovich Gubarev, Georgy Mikhailovich Grechko, Soyuz-17 spacecraft), which ended on February 9, 1975.
First international space flight- July 15-21, 1975. In orbit, the Soyuz-19 spacecraft, piloted by Alexei Leonov and Valery Kubasov, was docked with the American Apollo spacecraft, piloted by astronauts T. Staffor, D. Slayton, V. Brand. Mutual transitions of cosmonauts and astronauts, joint and autonomous scientific and technical research were carried out. According to Alexei Leonov, then, in the 1970s, the two superpowers managed to prove that cooperation in solving such a global problem as space exploration is possible.
The first expedition to the Salyut-5 station performed on the Soyuz-21 spacecraft by Boris Valentinovich Volynov and Vitaly Mikhailovich Zholobov. The expedition lasted from July 6 to August 24, 1976.
The first expedition to the Salyut-6 station passed from December 10, 1977 to March 16, 1978 (96 days, crew - Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko, Georgy Mikhailovich Grechko, spacecraft Soyuz-26 (start) and Soyuz-27 (landing).
From March 2 to March 10, 1978, the first international crew visited Salyut-6 - cosmonaut Aleksey Aleksandrovich Gubarev and Vladimir Remek, a citizen of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In total, Salyut-6 was visited by nine international space expeditions.
The first expedition to the Salyut-7 orbital station took place from June 24 to July 2, 1982. Vladimir Alexandrovich Dzhanibekov, Alexander Sergeyevich Ivanchenkov, French citizen Jean-Loup Krestien worked at the station then. In total, 10 expeditions worked on Salyut-7 at different times.
The Salyuts were replaced by the third generation of near-Earth laboratories - the Mir station, which was the basic unit for building a multi-purpose permanent manned complex with specialized orbital modules of scientific and national economic importance. Subsequently, the Kvant, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr modules were docked to the station and began to work. The construction of the permanently inhabited orbital complex was fully completed on April 26, 1996, when the fifth and last retrofit module, Nature, with the most sophisticated scientific equipment, was docked to the Mir, which made it possible to carry out versatile studies of land, ocean and atmosphere.
Orbital complex "Mir" was in operation until June 2000 - 14.5 years instead of the five provided. During this time, 28 space expeditions were carried out on it, a total of 139 Russian and foreign space explorers visited the complex, 11.5 tons of scientific equipment of 240 items from 27 countries of the world were placed.
During the space expeditions, new methods were developed for assembling large structures in space using thermodynamic compounds from materials with a shape memory effect - the future elements of the new International Space Station; the nature of noctilucent clouds, aerosol layers in the atmosphere and mesosphere was studied, interstellar gas was studied, scientific information was obtained on the relationship of physical processes occurring in the Universe and near-Earth space, as well as many other experiments in space medicine, biotechnology, astro- and geophysics, materials science and others.
The Russian space complex has set world records for the duration of an orbital flight, the duration of stay in space, and spacewalks.
Thus, doctor-researcher Valery Polyakov spent 437 days and 18 hours in space in a row as part of three space expeditions.
Cosmonaut Sergei Avdeev set an outstanding record for the total duration of his stay in space - a total of 742 days in space for three flights.
In total, during the operation of Mir in a manned mode, cosmonauts and astronauts made more than 75 spacewalks - a total of about 15 days were spent overboard.
The Mir space complex was replaced in orbit by the International Space Station (ISS), in the construction of which 16 countries participated. When creating a new space complex, Russian achievements in the field of manned cosmonautics were widely used. The operation of the ISS is designed for 15 years.
The first long-term expedition to the ISS began on October 31, 2000. The 13th International Expedition is currently working on the International Space Station. The crew commander is Russian cosmonaut Pavel Vinogradov, the flight engineer is NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams. The first Brazilian astronaut Marcos Pontes arrived on the ISS with the Expedition 13 crew. After implementing the weekly program, he returned to Earth together with the crew of the ISS Expedition 12: Russian Valery Tokarev and American William MacArthur, who had been working at the station since October 2005.
